The technological advances in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and smart grids have exploded the ever-growing demand for rechargeable Li-ion batteries with high power and energy density. As a result, the use of Ni-rich layered cathode materials ...
The technological advances in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and smart grids have exploded the ever-growing demand for rechargeable Li-ion batteries with high power and energy density. As a result, the use of Ni-rich layered cathode materials has emerged as an efficient candidate to boost the power and energy density of Li-ion batteries. The Ni-rich layered cathode materials have the advantages of high power and energy density, low cost, high reversible capacity, and good rate capability. However, the Ni-rich layered cathode materials have a decisive problem that they are unstable in high-temperature environments. The critical drawback for Li-ion batteries using Ni-rich layered cathode materials induces serious safety and durability issues of Li-ion batteries in a high-temperature environment, threatening the safe and convenient use of Li-ion batteries for humankind. Furthermore, the safety and durability issues are gradually approaching as a major priority because the Li-ion batteries are easily exposed to high temperatures as the use environment is diversified by technological development.
In chapter 2, the underlying cause of thermal instability of Li0.33Ni0.5+xCo0.2Mn0.3-xO2 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2) cathode materials are systematically found using the in situ XRD during the heating process, HRPD, and XAS analysis for non-heated and heated cathode samples. Our accurate investigations show that before starting temperature of layered to spinel phase transition, the thermal expansion of Li slab becomes larger as the increase of Ni content in the cathode material. In addition, the oxygen vacancies are formed and accumulated around only Ni ions before the starting temperature of phase transition, and the number of oxygen vacancies decreases during the transformation to a spinel phase. Thermal expansion and the presence of oxygen vacancies decrease the energy barrier for cation migration and facilitate the phase transitions in charged cathode materials during the heating process, affecting the thermal stability of charged Ni-rich layered cathode materials.
In chapter 3, the specific thermal decomposition reactions and their causes of Ni-rich layered cathode material as the SOC changes are investigated using the in situ XRD during the heating process, HRPD, and XAS analysis. The intermediate within the cation migration pathway is contracted as the SOC of Ni-rich layered cathode material increases. Small intermediate causes a large energy barrier for phase transition from layered to disordered spinel phase. Thus, the phase transition of Ni-rich layered cathode material into the disordered spinel phase begins at a higher temperature as the SOC increases. In addition, the Li-ion adjacent to the migrating cations increases the energy barrier for cation migration. Thus, as SOC in Ni-rich layered cathode material increases, many transition metal cations that are less affected by Li-ion can simultaneously participate in the thermal phase transition, inducing the quick completion of thermal phase transition of Ni-rich layered cathode material with high SOC. Furthermore, the thermal reduction of Ni ion and weakening of Ni-O bond strength occur rapidly at the temperature where the non-linear increase of lattice parameter starts. These rapid changes in the local environment induce the non-linear increase of lattice parameter in Ni-rich layered cathode material with low Li content during the heating process.
In chapter 4, the structural changes of NCA cathode before and after the 60 ℃ storage process were investigated through synchrotron-based X-ray techniques and electrochemical analysis. The bulk crystal structure of fresh NCA cathode is maintained at each SOC even after the 60 ℃ storage process. However, it was observed that during the 60 ℃ storage process, the NiO-like rock salt phase grows at the particle surface, and the fracture of particles is deepened. These structural degradations disrupt the transport of Li-ions and electrons, which lowers the kinetic property of Li-ion and electron and increases the less active cathode region. Based on the X-ray & imaging techniques, we found that the heterogeneity in bulk structure change and redox reaction during electrochemical cycling is further intensified after the 60 ℃ storage process, aggravating the electrochemical performance degradation of the 60 ℃ storage NCA cathode.
The findings of this research provide a better understanding of thermal instability and the electrochemical degradation of Ni-rich layered cathode materials in a high-temperature environment. Thereby, this dissertation is anticipated to play an important role in further improving the safety and durability of rechargeable Li-ion batteries with high power and energy density.