Calcium stable isotope geochemistry

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction / Frank Wombacher ; Anne-Desiree Schmitt ; Nikolaus Gussone ; Alexander Heuser = 1
• 1 Introduction to Calcium Stable Isotope Geochemistry = 2
• 1.1 Alkaline Earth Elements = 2
• 1.2 Calcium and Its Isotopes = 2
• 1.3 Notations in Ca Stable Isotope Geochemistry = 4
• 1.4 History of Ca Stable Isotope Research = 6
• 1.5 Applications of Ca Stable Isotope Geochemistry = 7
• 1.6 Other Applications of Ca Isotopes : Cosmogenic $$His^{41}$$Ca and Tracer Studies = 8
• 2 Principles of Mass-Dependent Stable Isotope Fractionation = 8
• 2.1 Equilibrium Isotope Partitioning = 8
• 2.2 Kinetic Stable Isotope Fractionation = 12
• 2.3 Open System Rayleigh Fractionation and Closed System Equilibrium Fractionation = 15
• 2.4 The Mass-Dependence of Equilibrium and Kinetic Stable Isotope Fractionations = 16
• 2.5 Experimental Determination of Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Factors = 17
• References = 18
• Analytical Methods / Alexander Heuser ; Anne-Desiree Schmitt ; Nikolaus Gussone ; Frank Wombacher = 23
• 1 Introduction = 24
• 2 Notations and Data Presentation = 24
• 2.1 δ-Notation = 24
• 2.2 Fractionation Factor (α) = 26
• 2.3 Δ-Notation = 26
• 2.4 εCa-Notation for Radiogenic $$His^{40}$$Ca Ingrowth = 26
• 2.5 ε- and μ-Notations in Cosmochemistry = 27
• 3 Reference Materials = 27
• 3.1 Used Reference Materials = 27
• 3.2 Conversion of δ-Values Based on Different Reference Materials = 29
• 4 Sample Preparation = 31
• 4.1 Digestion and Cleaning Techniques = 31
• 4.2 Chemical Separation = 35
• 5 Mass Spectrometry = 37
• 5.1 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry for Ca Isotope Analysis = 37
• 5.2 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) = 39
• 5.3 Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) = 43
• 5.4 Double Spike Approach for Stable Isotope Analysis = 54
• 5.5 Other Instrumentation = 57
• 5.6 Error Representation = 58
• References = 66
• Calcium Isotope Fractionation During Mineral Precipitation from Aqueous Solution / Nikolaus Gussone ; Martin Dietzel = 75
• 1 Inorganic Precipitation Experiments = 75
• 1.1 Carbonates = 76
• 1.2 Sulfates = 83
• 1.3 Other (Hydrous) Phases = 86
• 1.4 EASI Fractionation During Mineral Precipitation from Aqueous Fluids = 88
• 2 Calcium Isotope Fractionation Models for Calcium Carbonate Formation = 89
• 2.1 Principles and Conceptions of Isotope Fractionation Models = 89
• 2.2 Comparison of Ca Isotope Fractionation Models and Concluding Remarks = 93
• 3 Inorganic Mineral Precipitation in Natural Environments = 95
• 3.1 Carbonates = 95
• 3.2 Phosphates = 102
• 3.3 Sulfates = 102
• 4 Diffusion, Exchange and Adsorption of Cations in Aqueous Systems = 104
• References = 106
• Biominerals and Biomaterial / Nikolaus Gussone ; Alexander Heuser = 111
• 1 Procaryota─Microbial Induced Biomineralisation = 112
• 2 Protista = 113
• 2.1 Foraminifera = 113
• 2.2 Coccolithophores = 120
• 2.3 Calcareous Dinoflagellates = 123
• 2.4 Coralline Algae = 124
• 3 Metazoa = 125
• 3.1 Sclerosponges = 125
• 3.2 Corals = 125
• 3.3 Molluscs = 129
• 3.4 Brachiopods = 133
• 3.5 Other Taxa = 134
• 4 Applications, Ecosystems and Climate Change = 135
• 4.1 Monitor of Trophic Levels = 135
• 4.2 Archaeology = 137
• 4.3 Paleoclimate = 138
• References = 140
• Earth-Surface Ca Isotopic Fractionations / Anne-Desiree Schmitt = 145
• 1 Introduction = 145
• 2 δ$$His^{44/40}$$Ca Fractionations Related to Continental Weathering Processes = 146
• 2.1 Range of δ$$His^{44/40}$$Ca Variations in Earth-Surface Processes = 146
• 2.2 Forested Ecosystems = 149
• 2.3 Non-forested Ecosystems = 157
• 3 Change in δ$$His^{44/40}$$Ca Signature During Downstream Transportation into the Ocean = 159
• 3.1 Importance of the δ$$His^{44/40}$$Ca Weathering Flux to the Oceans = 159
• 3.2 Small Scale Catchments = 159
• 3.3 Global Scale Catchments = 161
• 4 Potential of Ca Isotopes Applied to Earth-Surface Processes = 163
• 4.1 Internal Ca Cycling Processes Within the Tree = 163
• 4.2 Ca Uptake Mechanisms Within the Rhizosphere = 164
• 4.3 Ca Recycling by the Vegetation = 164
• 4.4 Time Integrated Vegetal Turnover Marker = 165
• 4.5 Hydrological Tracer = 165
• 5 Conclusion = 166
• References = 166
• Global Ca Cycles : Coupling of Continental and Oceanic Processes / Edward T. Tipper ; Anne-Desiree Schmitt ; Nikolaus Gussone = 173
• 1 Introduction = 173
• 2 Principal Ca Reservoirs at the Earth's Surface : Estimates of δ$$His^{44/40}$$Ca = 176
• 2.1 Rocks = 176
• 2.2 Hydrosphere = 178
• 2.3 Biospheric Cycling of Ca = 188
• 2.4 Soils = 189
• 2.5 Atmospheric Ca in Dust and Rain Waters = 196
• 3 Modern Global Budgets of Ca = 199
• 3.1 The Continental Cycle of Ca = 199
• 3.2 The Oceanic Cycle of Ca = 200
• 4 Global Ca Cycling in Earth's History = 203
• 4.1 Archives of δ$$His^{44/40}$$Casw = 204
• 4.2 Past Changes in δ$$His^{44/40}$$Casw = 208
• 5 Conclusions = 211
• References = 211
• High Temperature Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry / Martin Schiller ; Nikolaus Gussone ; Frank Wombacher = 223
• 1 High Temperature Ca Isotope Geochemistry of Terrestrial Silicate Rocks, Minerals and Melts = 223
• 1.1 Calcium Isotope Fractionation Between Minerals Formed at High Temperatures = 223
• 1.2 Igneous Rocks = 225
• 1.3 The Earth's Silicate Reservoirs and Global Tectonics = 226
• 1.4 Diffusion in Silicate Melts = 229
• 2 Extraterrestrial Materials = 231
• 2.1 Scope and Framework of Ca Isotope Cosmochemistry = 231
• 2.2 Nucleosynthesis of Ca Isotopes = 232
• 2.3 Nucleosynthetic Ca Isotope Signatures in Presolar Grains = 233
• 2.4 Nucleosynthetic Anomalies in Meteorites and Calcium-Aluminum-Rich Inclusions (CAIs) = 234
• 2.5 Mass-Dependent Variations in CAIs and Related Experiments = 237
• 2.6 Mass-Dependent Variations in Meteorites = 238
• 2.7 Lunar Samples = 239
• 3 The $$His^{40}$$K-$$His^{40}$$Ca Decay System = 239
• 3.1 Evolution of Earth's Reservoirs = 239
• 3.2 Dating = 241
• References = 243
• Biomedical Application of Ca Stable Isotopes / Alexander Heuser = 247
• 1 Introduction = 247
• 2 Ca Isotope Transport Model = 248
• 2.1 Ca Isotopic Composition of the Diet = 248
• 2.2 From Food to Blood = 249
• 2.3 Fractionation Between Soft Tissue and Mineralized Tissue = 251
• 2.4 Fractionation in the Kidneys = 253
• 2.5 Calcium Isotope Fractionation During Milk Lactation = 255
• 2.6 Calcium Use Index (CUI) = 255
• 3 The Individuality of the Ca Metabolism = 255
• 4 Current Biomedical Application of Ca Isotopes = 256
• 4.1 Bone Loss = 256
• 4.2 Bone Cancer = 258
• 5 Summary and Outlook = 258
• References = 259