Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), who wrote in England, is an Irish critic, storyteller, and playwright. His three society comedies, Lady Windermere's Fan, A Woman of No Importance, and An Ideal Husband have been criticized for the rift between dandyism and mi...
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), who wrote in England, is an Irish critic, storyteller, and playwright. His three society comedies, Lady Windermere's Fan, A Woman of No Importance, and An Ideal Husband have been criticized for the rift between dandyism and middle-class morality. This dissertation argues that the rift illustrates the doubleness within the dandy, which can be judged to be a limitation, but also to be a resistance to a repressive system.
In the 19th century, separate spheres ideology drew a dividing line between the private and public spheres, and the former was regarded as a realm for morality while the latter for mercenary transactions. Women were effectively barred from taking part in the public sphere, and middle-class gentlemen who earned enough to keep their wives and daughters within the private sphere were looked upon as virtuous manly men.
The 19th century dandy, generally assumed to be a man, and detecting and opposing commercialism behind the middle-class morality, consciously pursued the qualities that the dominant discourse labeled feminine, and thus exposed the fictionality of the gentleman's natural manliness. However, faced with the threat to his male authority, the male dandy clung to the authenticity of the self, defined in opposition to the theatricality of (fallen) women and also integral to capitalist ideology, in order to maintain his masculinity.
The incongruities in Wilde's plays reflect the male dandy's self-contradiction. Further, Wilde's comedies present female dandies. With her whole being identified with her role as wife and mother, Wildean female dandy is fully aware of the performativity of the self. But simultaneously, feeling her role repressing her true self, she aspires to represent it. Wildean female dandy, therefore, perceives her own self-contradiction. The male dandy of An Ideal Husband shares the same self-perception.
The dandy in the 19th century was blamed for being theatrical. Today, the dandy's theatricality is reappraised as an understanding for the performativity of the self. This dissertation argues that the dandy's theatricality in Wilde's three comedies contains both performativity and performance, that is, both imitation and representation.
In Lady Windermere's Fan, the male dandies play the role of the champion of separate spheres ideology of a well-made play, and thus reveal their self-contradiction. Against the male dandies acting as a guardian of the repressive discourse, the female dandy poses with the theatricality comprising both performativity and performance. In A Woman of No Importance, the female dandy is an excellent dramatist and actress of melodrama. Her melodrama shows both the pursuit of authenticity and its failure, and thus demonstrates the dandy's doubleness. In An Ideal Husband, the oscillation between performativity and performance leads to asking for tolerance. The male dandy accepts the performativity of the self, but in the farce of Act III, he also pursues the authenticity of the self only to fail. However, this failure brought the male dandy and a female moralist to collaborate and to perform the repressive discourse differently.