Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States, 1987-1994

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Executive Summary = ⅸ
• 1. U. S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Perspective = 1
• About this Report = 1
• Emissions Inventories = 1
• Global Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect = 2
• Global Sources of Greenhouse Gases = 2
• Relative Forcing Effects of Various Gases = 4
• Recent Developments = 6
• Changing Growth in Atmospheric Concentrations = 6
• Global Climate Change Policy Developments = 8
• U. S. Emissions in an International Perspective = 9
• 2. Carbon Dioxide Emissions = 11
• Overview = 11
• Energy consumption = 11
• Emissions Trends = 11
• Estimating Emission = 14
• Adjustments to U. S. Energy Consumption = 18
• Energy Consumption in U. S. Territories = 18
• International Bunker Fuels = 19
• Unreported Natural Gas Consumption = 20
• Energy Production = 21
• Industrial Sources = 21
• Cement Manufacture = 22
• Limestone and Dolomite Consumption = 22
• Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption = 23
• Carbon Dioxide Manufacture = 24
• Aluminum Manufacture = 24
• 3. Methane Emissions = 25
• Overview = 25
• Energy Production and Distribution = 25
• Coal Mining = 25
• Oil and Gas Production, Processing, and Distribution = 29
• Energy Consumption = 32
• Stationary Combustion = 32
• Mobile Combustion = 33
• Landfills = 35
• Agricultural Sources = 37
• Enteric Fermentation in Domesticated Animals = 37
• Solid Waste of Domesticated Animals = 40
• Rice Cultivation = 41
• Burning of Crop Residues = 42
• Industrial Processes = 43
• Chemical Production = 44
• Iron and Steel Production = 44
• 4. Nitrous Oxide = 45
• Overview = 45
• Agriculture = 46
• Fertilizer Use = 46
• Crop Residue Burning = 47
• Energy Use = 47
• Mobile Combustion = 47
• Stationary Combustion = 48
• Industrial Processes = 49
• Adipic Acid Production = 49
• Nitric Acid Production = 50
• 5. Halocarbons and Other Gases = 51
• Overview = 51
• Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) = 53
• Trichlorofluoromethane(CFC-11) = 53
• Dichlorofluoromethane(CFC-12) = 54
• Freon 113(CFC-113) = 55
• Dichlorofluoromethane(CFC-114) = 56
• Monochloropentafluoroethane(CFC-115) = 56
• Hydrochorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) = 56
• Chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22) = 56
• Chlorodifluoroethane(HCFC-142b) = 57
• Other HCFCs = 57
• Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) = 57
• HFC-23 = 57
• 1, 2, 2, 2-Tetrafluoroethane(HFC-134a) = 58
• 1, 1-Difluoroethane(HFC-152a) = 58
• Bromoflurocarbons(Halons) = 58
• Perflurocarbons(PFCs) = 58
• Other Chemicals = 59
• Carbon Tetrachloride = 59
• Methyl Chloroform(1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane) = 59
• Chloroform = 59
• Methylene Chloride(Dichloromethane) = 60
• Sulfur Hexafluoride = 60
• 6. Criteria Pollutants = 61
• Overview = 61
• Carbon Monoxide = 62
• Nitrogen Oxides = 62
• Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds = 62
• 7. Land Use Issues = 67
• Overview = 67
• Land Use and the Carbon Budget = 67
• Carbon Cycling on Forests = 68
• Methane Emissions from Wetlands = 71
• Land Use Modification of Methane Sinks = 72
• Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Land Use Changes = 72
• Appendices
• A. Carbon Coefficients Used in This Report = 75
• B. Uncertainty in Emissions Estimates = 81
• C. Detailed Emissions Estimates and Activity Data = 91
• D. Emissions Sources Excluded = 97
• E. Common Conversions Factors = 101
• References = 103
• Glossary = 113