新羅下代 僧塔造營史 硏究 = Study on Commemorative Stupas of Zen Masters in the Late Silla Kingdom

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the increasing popularity of the Zen Buddhism in the late Silla Kingdom, the new forms of stone sculptures began to appear. Particularly, the intimate relationship between Zen masters and his students that emphasizes the direct teaching of the master to students provoked the emergence of a new stone sculpture ; commemorative stupas of Zen masters. Since the founder of each Zen school was considered to be one of the treasures in Zen Buddhist community, the construction of a stupas to commemorate the demise of the founder of Zen Buddhist school was considered to be important.
On the death of the founder of Zen Buddhist schools, his students conducted a magnificent funeral ceremony and constructed a commemorative stupas that contains the cremation of their master. The stone tablet to narrate the biography of the master and his achievement was also established. By constructing such stupas and tablets, the remained followers paid their profound homage toward the great master and his teaching.
In fact, the idea to construct stupas and commemorative stone tablets for Zen masters had been introduced from China. Since then, each Zen Buddhist school in Korea competingly constructed this sort of stupas and commemorative stone tablets. Consequently, the technique and artistic expression used for those stupas and commemorative stone tablets reached its maturity in the late Silla Kingdom.
I assume that the creators of the stupas of Zen masters spent a great deal of time and work to pursue for the sophistication and diversity of design and decoration. The commemorative stupas of Zen masters in the late Silla Kingdom usually have their bottom part similar to those of stone towers or the base of Buddhist sculpture. The structural similarity between the bottom part of the stupas of Zen masters and the base of Buddhist sculpture suggests that great Zen masters were considered to be equallyimportant as Shakyamuni Buddhain Zen Buddhist community.
No single work of stupas of Zen masters shares the same structure and design. Usually, painstaking and meticulous sculptural designs embellish the surface of stupas from bottom to top. In creating a single stupas, were drawn various motifs from such as the base of Buddhist sculpture, the stone towers, stone lamps, and stone tablets. It i s evident that the creator of the stupas of Zen masters great deal of time and Workin order to reach the artistic sophistication supas.
As I suggested above, the construction of stupas of Zen master was proliferated and consequently yielded its artistic maturity in the late Silla Kingdom when the status of Zen master was elevated. Since the construction of commemorative stupas aimed to honor the achievement of master and his teaching, it was understood highy important to maintain the tradition and hierarchy of Zen Buddhist community. I believe the stupas of Zen master are not a mere religious architectural structure, but rather one of the stone sculptural genres that saw its artist ic climax in the late Silla Kingdom.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 머리말
• 2. 印度 및 中國 僧塔의 起源과 傳來
• 3. 新羅下代 禪宗佛敎의 受容과 僧塔 造營事例의 分析
• 4. 僧塔의 構造, 象徵性 및 樣式系譜의 再檢討
• 5. 맺음말