The Role of Upper Mantle Heterogeneity and Plume-Ridge Interaction Along the Central Indian Ridge from 7°S and 18°S : a multidisciplinary investigation based on MORB geochemistry, bathymetry, and gravity analysis = 7°S -18°S 사이 인도양 중앙 해령 지역에서의 상부 맨틀 이질성과 플룸-해령 상호작용의 역할 : 중앙해령 지구화학, 측심 및 중력 분석에 기초한 학제간 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The mid-ocean ridges (MOR) are the largest volcanic system on Earth, generating the oceanic lithosphere that covers 65% of the Earth’s surface through seafloor spreading. This phenomenon is due to the tectonic plates moving away from each other, which induces the underlying mantle to rise and melt. The resultant buoyant melt erupts along the ridge axis in the form of mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB), and the geochemistry signature of these lavas are an important source of information on the melting conditions and the geochemical characteristics of the less accessible upper mantle. A multitude of parameters such as the spreading rate, the influence of mantle plume on the ridge or even the presence of heterogeneity embedded in the upper mantle may have an impact on morphology and/or geochemistry variations along portions of mid-ocean ridge. Variations of the spreading style, ridge morphology, and MORB geochemical signature will then reflect the nature of the mantle and the upwelling dynamics beneath the ridge. In this dissertation, the geochemical and isotopic signature of MORB sampled along the Central Indian Ridge axis between 8°and 17°S were investigated to better understand the different mantle source melting. The new trace element and isotopic analysis show that the MORB geochemical signature differs between segments along the studied portion of the ridge. The CIR portion between 12°and 17°S, especially the segment between 14°and 16°S show enriched MORB that can be explained by the presence of three mantle end-members: the depleted Indian-type MORB mantle, Réunion Plume, and Seychelles/Madagascar-like continental crust components. Moreover, the geophysical analysis of the enriched segment between 14°and 16°S reveals a correlation between its structural characteristics, gravity anomalies, and MORB enrichment variations. This correlation is best explained by the presence of a fertile heterogeneity in the melting regime which influences the melt production along a portion of this segment delimited by ridge discontinuities. Furthermore, this multidisciplinary analysis suggests that the magmatic accretion occurring along this segment is most certainly following the model of buoyancy-driven focused mantle upwelling. Another portion of the CIR formed by two segments between 8°and 12°S was investigated and their MORB geochemistry highlights the presence of a different enriched mantle component beneath this ridge area. This enriched source has a FOZO-like signature and its presence can be explained by the influence of an asthenospheric anomaly: the Mascarene Basin Asthenosphere Reservoir. Furthermore, it is proposed in this study that this plume-like anomaly is an aborted plume originally linked to a broad upwelling structure rooted in the lower mantle, in the African LLSVP. Thus, this study offers valuable insights into the geodynamics of the Indian Ocean mantle and its impact on MORB geochemistry and spreading processes along the CIR but also about processes affecting MOR in general. Keyword : Central Indian Ridge, Mantle upwelling, Seafloor spreading, Mantle heterogeneity, Mid-ocean ridge basalt, Isotope geochemistry, Ocean floor, Ridge segmentation Student Number : 2017-31049

국문 초록 (Abstract)

중앙해령(Mid-Ocean Ridges, MOR)은 지구 표면의 65%를 구성하는 해양 지각을 해저면 확장을 통해 형성하는 지구에서 가장 큰 규모의 화산 활동이다. 이 현상은 지각판들이 서로 멀어지면서 그 아래에 존재하는 맨틀이 상승하여 용융한 결과물이며, 용융된 맨틀 물질은 해령의 축을 따라 중앙해령 현무암(Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts, MORB)의 형태로 분출된다. 분출된 용암의 지구화학적 특성을 이해하는 것은 다른 방법으로는 접근하기 어려운 상부 맨틀에서의 용융 조건과 지구화학적 특성에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 판의 확장 속도, 해령에 대한 맨틀 플룸의 영향, 또는 상부 맨틀에 내재된 구성적 이질성과 같은 다양한 요소들이 해령의 일부분에서 그 형태학적 특성 및 지구화학적 변화를 초래할 수 있다. 그러므로 해저 확장의 방식, 해령의 형태학, MORB의 지구화학적 특성은 맨틀과 그 상승 과정의 동역학에 대한 정보를 제공한다.

이 연구에서는 남위 8°에서 17° 사이의 인도양 중앙해령(Central Indian Ridge, CIR) 을 따라 획득한 MORB의 지구화학적 특성과 및 동위원소 구성을 조사하여 서로 다른 맨틀 근원의 용융을 연구하였다. 새로운 미량 원소와 동위원소 분석 결과는 연구 지역의 해령의 각 구간에서 MORB의 지구화학적 특성이 서로 다르다는 것을 지시한다. 남위 12°에서 17° 사이, 특히 남위 14°에서 16° 사이에 위치한 구역에서는 세 가지 근원맨틀 성분들(결핍된 인도양 MORB 맨틀, 레위니옹 플룸, 세이셸/마다가스카르 대륙 지각)로 설명될 수 있는 부화된 MORB를 확인하였다. 또한, 동 구역에 대한 지구물리학적 연구를 통해 구역의 지구조적 특성, 중력 이상, 그리고 MORB 부화 정도가 가지는 상관 관계를 규명하였다. 이 상관 관계는 해령의 불연속적 단절에 의해 구분되는 구역의 한 구간에서 맨틀 부화도의 이질성이 용융에 미치는 영향에 의해 잘 설명될 수 있다. 더 나아가, 이러한 지구화학 및 지구물리학을 통한 다학제적 분석 결과는 이 구역에서 발생하는 마그마 축적이 주로 부력에 의해 집중된 맨틀 용승 모델을 따르고 있음을 시사한다. 남위 8°에서 12° 사이에서 두 구역으로 나뉘어진 인도양 중앙해령의 또 다른 구간에서의 MORB의 지구화학적 특성은 추가적인 부화된 근원 맨틀 성분의 존재를 나타낸다. 이 부화된 근원 맨틀 성분은 FOZO와 유사한 특성을 가지고 있으며, 이는 연약권 변칙성(마스카렌 분지 연약권 저장소, Mascarene Basin Asthenosphere Reservoir)의 영향으로 설명될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 유사-플룸 변칙성이 하부 맨틀에 위치한 아프리카 LLSVP로부터 기원하는 광범위한 상승 구조와 연결된 중단된 플룸 현상이라고 제안한다.

따라서 이 연구는 인도양 맨틀에서의 지구동역학 및 MORB의 지구화학적 특성에 미치는 영향, 인도양 중앙해령을 따라 일어나는 해저면 확장에 대한 영향 뿐만이 아니라중앙해령에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요소들에 대한 전반적 통찰을 제공한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract i
• Aknowledgements . iii
• Table of Contents v
• Table of Figures ix
• Chapter 1. Introduction 1
• References 15
• Chapter 2. Heterogeneous Fossil Réunion Plume Component in
• the Source Region of Enriched MORB Along the Central Indian
• Ridge Between 12° and 17°S . 28
• Abstract 28
• 2.1. Introduction . 29
• 2.2. Geological Setting and Background 33
• 2.3. Sampling and Analytical Methods 34
• 2.4. Results 47
• 2.4.1. Major and Trace Elements . 47
• 2.4.2. Isotopic Compositions and Correlations 48
• 2.5. Discussion 56
• 2.5.1. Latitudinal Variation in MORB Geochemistry
• and Ridge Segmentation 56
• 2.5.2. Origin of the MORB Enrichment Along the Segments 5 and 6 (CIR From 14° to 17°S . 60
• 2.5.2.1. Contamination of the Réunion Plume by a Continental
• Crust Component as a Source of the MORB Enrichment Along
• Segment 5? . 61
• 2.5.2.2. Origin of the Crustal Component. 64
• 2.5.2.3. The Geochemical Discrepancy Between E-MORB
• From Segments 5, 6 and Rodrigues Segment . 66
• 2.6. Conclusion 67
• References 68
• Chapter 3. Relationships Between Mantle Chemical
• Compositions Variations and Magmatic Accretion Processes
• Along a Segment of the Central Indian Ridge (14°-16°S) . 79
• Abstract 79
• 3.1. Introduction . 80
• 3.2. Tectonic Context and Study Area 82
• 3.3. Data and Methodology 88
• 3.3.1. Multibeam Bathymetry Analysis . 88
• 3.3.2. Gravity Data Processing and Modelling . 89
• 3.3.3. Sampling and Analytical Methods: Helium
• Analysis 91
• 3.4. Results 94
• 3.4.1. Structure of the Segment 5 of the Central
• Indian Ridge 94
• 3.4.1.1. The Segment 5-1 94
• 3.4.1.2. The Segment 5-2 96
• 3.4.1.3. The Segment 5-3 98
• 3.4.2. Tectonic Strain and Magmatic Extension
• Estimates . 100
• 3.4.3. The Gravity Anomaly Along the Segment 5..
• 102
• 3.4.4. Helium Isotopes Ratios of MORB from the
• Segment 5 103
• 3.5. Discussion 105
• 3.5.1. The Helium Signature Along Segment 5 . 105
• 3.5.2. Relationships Between Along-Axis Geophysics
• and MORB Geochemistry 110
• 3.5.3. Implications for the Magma Supply Along
• Segment 5 119
• 3.6. Conclusion 125
• References 126
• Chapter 4. Mascarene Basin Asthenosphere Reservoir source
• and composition revealed by Central Indian Ridge basalt
• geochemistry 138
• Abstract . 138
• 4.1. Introduction 139
• 4.2. Geological Setting 140
• 4.3. Sampling and Analytical Methods . 142
• 4.4. Results 145
• 2.4.1. Major and Trace Elements 145
• 2.4.2. Isotopes 148
• 4.5. Discussion . 148
• 4.5.1. MORB enrichment characteristics and origin
• along segments 2 and 3 . 149
• 4.5.1.1. Segments 2 and 3 MORB characteristics 149
• 4.5.1.2. Two or three components in the melting regime? . 156
• 4.5.1.3. Origin of the “High 206Pb/204Pb Group” 157
• 4.5.2. Relationship between the MBAR anomaly and
• the Réunion plume (RP) 160
• 4.5.3. The African LLSVP as a possible origin for the
• MBAR 163
• 4.5.4. The influence extent of the MBAR along the
• CIR: Are there other ridge portions influenced by the
• MBAR? . 170
• 4.6. Conclusion 173
• References 177
• Chapter 5. General Conclusions 186
• 5.1. Summary and Future Perspective 186
• References 196
• A. Supplementary Material 203
• B. Supplementary Material for Chapter 2 . 218
• C. Supplementary Material for Chapter 4 . 222
• Abstract in Korean 232
• Table of Figures
• Figure 1. Map of the global mid-ocean ridge system 1
• Figure 2. Schematic diagrams showing the mantle upwelling beneath
• mid-ocean ridges and the thermodynamic processes involved 3
• Figure 3. Primitive-mantle normalized spider diagram for typical
• signature of N-MORB, E-MORB and OIB . 4
• Figure 4. Systematics isotopic variability in global OIB and MORB . 6
• Figure 5. Schematic illustrations of the neovolcanic zone at various
• spreading rates 7
• Figure 6. Proposed hierarchy of ridge segmentation at fast-spreading
• and slow-spreading ridges 8
• Figure 7. General Map of the Indian Ocean showing its spreading
• ridges . 9
• Figure 8. Geological setting map of the Central Indian Ridge (CIR)
• region and bathymetric map of the middle part of the CIR. 11
• Figure 9. Geological setting map of the CIR region and sample
• locations along the CIR from 12°S to 17°S analyzed in this study .. 32
• Figure 10. Pictures presenting an overview of the Mid Oceanic Ridge
• Basalt (MORB) samples 38
• Figure 11. Harker diagram of MORB along the segments 5 and 6 of
• the CIR (from 14°S to 17°S) 39
• Figure 12. Na8 variation in function of MgO (wt. %), latitude and
• bathymetry of CIR MORB glasses from segments 5 and 6 . 40
• Figure 13. Trace element normalized to primitive mantle of basaltic
• glasses from segment 5 41
• Figure 14. Latitudinal variations along the ridge axis of the CIR
• segments between 12° and 21°S in chemical compositions of
• (La/Sm)N, Nb/U, Ce/Pb, Nd/Pb, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes of
• submarine basalt . 42
• Figure 15. Latitudinal variations along the ridge axis of (La/Sm)N,
• strontium isotopes ratios and lead isotopes ratios of submarine basalt
• from segment 5 (14° to 16.2°S) 51
• Figure 16. 143Nd/144Nd versus 87Sr/86Sr, 87Sr/86Sr versus Δ8/4,
• 207Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb
• covariation diagrams . 53
• Figure 17. (La/Sm)N versus
• 206Pb/204Pb and Nb/U, Ce/Pb and Nd/Pb
• versus 87Sr/86Sr for the Central Indian MORB samples 55
• Figure 18. 207Pb/206Pb versus 208Pb/206Pb, 87Sr/86Sr versus 208Pb/206Pb
• and 143Nd/144Nd versus 208Pb/206Pb covariation diagrams presenting
• the mixing model between a «pure» Réunion Plume (RP) component, a
• Seychelles/Madagascar-like continental crust component and a
• depleted CIR MORB mantle 58
• Figure 19. Shaded bathymetric map of segment 5 and its second-
• order segments with the locations of samples analyzed in this study
• 84
• Figure 20. Detailed structural maps interpreted from bathymetry of
• the axial valley and ridge flanks of the segment 5 (CIR) 85
• Figure 21. Backscatter image of the segment 5 (CIR), from multibeam
• echosounder data 87
• Figure 22. Free air anomaly and mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly
• maps of the segment 5 (CIR) 90
• Figure 23. Along-axis variations of bathymetry, MBA variations, axial
• valley width, total accumulated tectonic strain (T) and inferred
• magmatic extension (M) as well as Latitudinal variations along the
• ridge axis in He isotopes and chemical compositions of (La/Sm)N, Na8
• and Fe8 of submarine basalts from segment 5 (13.82° to 16.05°S) 93
• Figure 24. Methodology employed in this study to estimate both
• tectonic strain (T) and magmatic accretion (M) 99
• Figure 25. Latitudinal variations along the ridge axis of (La/Sm)N and
• Sr, Nd, Pb and He isotopes ratios of submarine basalt from segment
• 5 (13.82° to 16.05°S) . 107
• Figure 26. 3He/4He (R/RA) versus (La/Sm)N,
• 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and 208Pb*/206Pb* for basalts from segment 5 108
• Figure 27. Na8 variation versus bathymetry and (La/Sm)N of CIR
• MORB glasses from segment 5 . 112
• Figure 28. Plots of (a) latitude versus MORB samples depth, (b)
• La/Sm versus depth, (c) (La/Sm)N versus (Tb/Yb)N, (d) Sm/Yb versus
• Sm, (e) La/Sm versus Sm/Yb for MORB lavas sampled along segment
• 5 113
• Figure 29. Schematic model of the melt delivery system along
• segment 5 of the CIR . 123
• Figure 30. Bathymetric and topographic map of the western part of
• the Indian Ocean and the East African Rift System as well as the
• bathymetric map of segments 2 and 3 141
• Figure 31. Harker diagram of MORB along the segments 2 and 3 of
• the CIR (from 8°S to 12°S) 146
• Figure 32. Trace element normalized to primitive mantle of basaltic
• lavas from segment 2 and 3 147
• Figure 33. 143Nd/144Nd versus 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb,
• 208Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb covariation diagrams for the CIR
• MORB samples from segments 2 and 3. 150
• Figure 34. (La/Sm)N versus
• 206Pb/204Pb, Nb/U versus 87Sr/86Sr, Ba/La
• versus 206Pb/204Pb, Nd/Pb versus 87Sr/86Sr and, 206Pb/204Pb as well as
• 143Nd/144Nd for the MORB samples from segments 2 and 3 152
• Figure 35. 207Pb/206Pb versus 208Pb/206Pb, 87Sr/86Sr versus 208Pb/206Pb and
• 143Nd/144Nd versus 208Pb/206Pb covariation diagrams comparing the MORB from the
• CIR between 8° and 12°S (segments 2 and 3) with the different lavas related to
• plumes sourced in the African LLSVP . 154
• Figure 36. 3He/4He (R/RA) versus
• 206Pb/204Pb of MORB glasses along
• segments 2 and 3 of the CIR (from 8°S to 12°S) 159
• Figure 37. Principal component analysis projections of the MORB Pb
• isotope dataset from the segments 2 and 3 of the CIR (from 8°S to
• 12°S) 167
• Figure 38. Schematic map comparing the location of the MBAR, the
• segments 2 and 3, the African LLSVP and the related Indo-African
• volcanic settings investigated in this study 169
• Figure 39. 207Pb/206Pb versus 208Pb/206Pb, 87Sr/86Sr versus 208Pb/206Pb
• covariation diagrams comparing the MORB from the CIR between 8°
• and 12°S (segments 2 and 3) with the MORB from the CIR and
• Carlsberg ridge . 172
• Figure 40. Map showing the spatial extent of the three geochemical
• enrichment groups observed along the Central Indian Ridge and
• variations diagram between 206Pb/204Pb versus 87Sr/86Sr highlighting
• the three geochemical enrichment groups observed along the Central
• Indian Ridge 194
• Table 1. Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotopic Compositions in MORB from the CIR
• Between 12° and 17°S . 44
• Table 2. He Isotopic Compositions in MORB from the CIR Between
• 13.8° and 16.1°S . 92
• Table 3. Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotopic Compositions in MORB From the CIR
• Between 8° and 12°S . 144

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. GEBCO 2020 Grid, GEBCO Compilation Group, https://doi. org/10.5285/a29c5465-b138-234d-e053-6c86abc040b9, , 2020

2. Chemical geodynamics, Zindler, A., & Hart, S., 14(1), 493-571, , 1986

3. Current plate motions, Gordon, R. G., Argus, D. F., Stein, S., DeMets, C., 101(2), 425–478. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990. tb06579. x, , 1990

4. The composition of the Earth, McDonough, W. F., Sun, S. -s., 120(3–4), 223–253. https://doi. org/10.1016/0009- 2541(94)00140-4, , 1995

5. Plate tectonics and volcanism, Sigurdsson, H., Perfit, M. R., Davidson, J. P., 89-113, , 2000

6. Segmentation of mid-ocean ridges, Klitgord, K. D., Whitehead, J. A, Schouten, H., 317(6034), 225-229, , 1985

7. Composition of the depleted mantle, Salters, V. J., & Stracke, A, 5(5), , 2004

8. Geologically current plate motions, Gordon, R. G., Argus, D. F., DeMets, C., 181(1), 1–80. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491. x, , 2010

9. Thorium/uranium ratio of the Earth, Allègre, C. J., Lewin, E., Dupré, B., 56(3-4), 219-227, , 1986

10. Life cycle of oceanic core complexes, Harris, M., Searle, R. C., Mallows, C., Achenbach, K. L., Murton, B. J., MacLeod, C. J., Casey, J. F., Unsworth, S. C., 287(3–4), 333–344. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. epsl.2009.08.016, , 2009

11. 4.13-Composition of the oceanic crust, Klein, E. M., White, W. M., Treatise on Geochemistry (second edition), 457-496. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00315-6, , 2014

12. Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges, Poliakov, A. N., Buck, W. R., Lavier, L. L., 434(7034), 719-723, , 2005

13. MORB degassingBubble growth and ascent, M. Javoy, Bottinga, Y. and, 81.4: 255-270, , 1990

14. Mantle melting beneath midocean ridges, Langmuir, C. H., & Forsyth, D. W., 20(1), 78-89., , 2007

15. HIMU-EMthe French Polynesian connection, Chauvel, C., Hofmann, A. W., & Vidal, P., 110(1-4), 99-119, , 1992

16. Mid-ocean ridge magmatism and volcanism, Rubin, K. H., 1-21, , 2016

17. TiO2 enrichment in ocean island basalts, T. Elliott, Prytulak, J. and, 263.3-4 388-403, , 2007

18. FOZO HIMU and the rest of the mantle zoo, Stracke, A., Hofmann, A. W., & Hart, S. R., 6(5), , 2005

19. FOZO HIMU and the rest of the mantle zoo, Stracke, A., Hofmann, A. W., and Hart, S. R., 6, Q05007, doi:10.1029/2004GC000824., , 2005

20. Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust, Hofmann, A. W., White, W. M., 57(2), 421–436. https://doi. org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90161-3, , 1982

21. RZZ9VM_MADAGASCAR_CENOZOIC_QUATERNARY csv, DIGIS Team, GEOROC Compilation: Intraplate Volcanic Rocks, https://doi. org/doi/10.25625/RZZ9VM/GCC9J1, GRO. data, V4, , 2022

22. Mantle reservoirs and ocean island basalts, McKenzie, D., & O'nions, R. K., 301(5897), 229-231, , 1983

23. The Volcanic record of the Reunion Hotspot, Duncan, R. A., Proc. Scientific Results, ODP, Leg 115, Mascarene Plateau, 115, 3–10, , 1990

24. Upper mantle heterogeneities and dynamics., Schilling, J-G., 314.6006 62-67, , 1985

25. The volcanic record of the Reunion hotspot., J. Backman and, Duncan, R. A., L. C. Peterson, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, scientific results. Vol. 115. Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, , 1990

26. Building the crust at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Smith, D. K., & Cann, J. R., 365(6448), 707-715., , 1993

27. Hotspots and mantle plumesSome phenomenology, Sleep, N. H., 95:6,715–6,736, , 1990

28. The Rapid Calculation of Potential Anomalies, Parker, R. L., 31(4), 447–455. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973. tb06513. x, , 1973

29. Mantle plumes and entrainmentisotopic evidence, Hart, S. R., Hauri, E. H., Oschmann, L. A., & Whitehead, J. A, 256(5056), 517- 520, , 1992

30. A Mantle-derived Origin for Mauritian Trachytes, Webb, S., Torsvik, T., Ashwal, L. D., Werner, S., Horváth, P., Harris, C., Corfu, F., 57(9), 1645–1676. https://doi. org/10.1093/PETROLOGY/EGW052, , 2016

31. Recycling oceanic crustQuantitative constraints, Stracke, A., Bizimis, M., and Salters, V. J. M., 4, 8003, doi:10.1029/2001GC000223, 3, , 2003

32. A Precambrian microcontinent in the Indian Ocean, Torsvik, T. H., Amundsen, H., Hartz, E. H., Corfu, F., Kusznir, N., Gaina, C., Doubrovine, P. v, Steinberger, B., Ashwal, L. D., & Jamtveit, B, 6(3), 223–227. https://doi. org/10.1038/ngeo1736, , 2013

33. A precambrian microcontinent in the Indian Ocean, Amundsen, H., Hartz, E. H., Gaina, C. et al, Kusznir, N., Torsvik, T. H., Corfu, F., 6(3), 223–227. https://doi. org/10.1038/ngeo1736, , 2013

34. Geophysical signatures of oceanic core complexes, Blackman, D. K., Canales, J. P., Harding, A., 178(2), 593-613, , 2009

35. Global systematics of mid-ocean ridge morphology, Small, C., 106, 1-25, , 1998

36. Helium isotopic textures in Earth's upper mantle, Graham, D. W., Hanan, B. B., Hémond, C., Blichert‐Toft, J., & Albarède, F., 15(5), 2048-2074, , 2014

37. Mid-ocean ridges Mid‐ocean ridge magma chambers, Detrick, R. S., Searle, R. Press. Sinton, J. M., 97(B1), 197-216, , 2013

38. 2022-02- WFJZKY_MASCARENE_ISLANDS_INCL_REUNION csv, DIGIS Team, GEOROC Compilation: Ocean Island Groups https://doi. org/10.25625/WFJZKY/7DDWBS, GRO. data, V4, , 2022

39. A process-oriented approach to mantle geochemistry, Stracke, A., 579, 120350, , 2021

40. Mantle geochemistrythe message from oceanic volcanism, Hofmann, A. W., 385(6613), 219–229. https://doi. org/10.1038/385219a0, , 1997

41. Mantle heterogeneity and isotopes in oceanic basalts., White, W. M. and, A. W. Hofmann, 295.5848 : 363-364, , 1982

42. Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earths mantle, Courtillot, V., Stock, J., Besse, J., Davaille, A., 205(3-4), 295-308, , 2003

43. Flood Basalts and Hot-Spot TracksPlume Heads and Tails, Richards, M. A., Courtillot, V. E., Duncan, R. A., 246(4926), 103–107. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.246.4926.103, , 1989

44. Recycled ocean crust and sediment in Indian Ocean MORB, Rehkämper, M. & Hofmann, A. W., 147, 93–106, , 1997

45. Recycled ocean crust and sediment in Indian Ocean MORB, Hofmann, A. W., Rehkamper, M., 147(1–4), 93–106. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00009-5, , 1997

46. Seismic structure of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 8–9 S., Minshull, T. A., J. M. Brozena., N. J. Bruguier and, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 108. B11, , 2003

47. Sources of oceanic basaltsRadiogenic isotopic evidence, White, W. M., 13(2), 115-118, , 1985

48. Geodynamic implications of moving Indian Ocean hotspots, Müller, D., O’Neill, C., Steinberger, B., 215(1–2), 151–168. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6, , 2003

49. Iceland mantle plumegeochemical study of Reykjanes Ridge, Schilling, J. G., 242.5400 565-571, , 1973

50. Spreading history of the Arabian SeaSome new constraints, Chaubey, A. K., Bhattacharya, G. C., Murty, G. P. S., & Desa, M., 112(1-4), 343-352, , 1993

51. Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary?, Cappetta, H., Montigny, R., Jaeger, J.-J., Besse, J., Vandamme, D., Courtillot, V., 80(3–4), 361–374. https://doi. org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90118-4, , 1986

52. Mid-ocean ridgesDiscontinuities segments and giant cracks, Macdonald, K. C., D. S. Scheirer, et S. M. Carbotte, 253(5023), 986–994, , 1991

53. A mantle melting profile across the basin and range SW USA, Wang, K., Plank, T., Walker, J. D., & Smith, E. I, 107(B1) 2017, , 2002

54. A mechanism for magmatic accretion under spreading centres, Whitehead Jr, J. A., Dick, H. J., & Schouten, H., 312(5990), 146- 148, , 1984

55. An abrupt change in ridge axis gravity with spreading rate, Small, C.,, Sandwell, D. T., 94(B12), 17383-17392, , 1989

56. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the core–mantle boundary, Ashwal, L. D., Torsvik, T. H., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Webb, S. J., 466(7304), 352-355, , 2010

57. The Dupal anomaly as a trace of the upwelling lower mantle, Castillo, P., 336(6200), 667-670, , 1988

58. Petrology and geochemistry of Rodrigues Island Indian Ocean, Upton, B. G. J., White, W. M., Baxter, A. N., 89(1), 90–101. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF01177594, , 1985

59. The Evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous, Sclater, J. G., McKenzie, D., 24(5), 437–528. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1971. tb02190. x, , 1971

60. A Geological Reconnaissance of Rodriguez Island Indian Ocean, McDougall, I., Upton, B. G. J., Wadsworth, W. J., 1965 206:4979, 206(4979), 26–27. https://doi. org/10.1038/206026a0, , 1965

61. A trace of recycled continental crust in the Réunion hotspot, Famin, V., Vlastélic, I., Gannoun, A., Nauret, F., 524, 67–76. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. chemgeo.2019.06.009, , 2019

62. Trace element evidence for the origin of ocean-island basalts, Weaver, B. L., 19(2), 123-126, , 1991

63. Chemical geodynamics insights from a machine learning approach, Stracke, A., Genske, F., Willig, M., Béguelin, P., Todd, E., Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(10), e2022GC010606, , 2022

64. Composition of the Oceanic Crust In Treatise on Geochemistry (, White, W. M., Klein, E. M., pp. 457–496) Elsevier. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00315-6, , 2014

65. Garnet-peridotite stability and occurrence in crust and mantle, O'Hara, M. J., Richardson, S. W., & Wilson, G., 32, 48-68, , 1971

66. Rodriguez Darwin Amsterdam ... A second type of Hotspot Island, Morgan, W. J, 83(B11), 5355. https://doi. org/10.1029/JB083iB11p05355, , 1978

67. The dynamics of plume‐ridge interaction2. Off‐ridge plumes, Ribe, N. M., 101(B7), 16195- 16204, , 1996

68. A large-scale isotope anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle, Hart, S. R., 309(5971), 753-757., , 1984

69. Causes of variation in faultfacing direction on the ocean floor, Carbotte, S. M., & Macdonald, K. C., 18(8), 749-752, , 1990

70. Nb and Pb in oceanic basaltsnew constraints on mantle evolution, Seufert, M., Hofmann, A. W., Jochum, K. P., White, W. M., 79(1–2), 33–45. https://doi. org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90038-5, , 1986

71. OIB/seamount recycling as a possible process for E-MORB genesis, Ulrich, M., Hémond, C., Nonnotte, P., & Jochum, K. P., 13(6). https://doi. org/10.1029/2012GC004078, , 2012

72. K Rb Sr and 87Sr/86Sr in rocks from the mid-Indian Oceanic ridge, Subbarao, K. V., & Hedge, C. E., 18(2), 223-228, , 1973

73. A tree of Indo-African mantle plumes imaged by seismic tomography, Hosseini, K., Sigloch, K., Barruol, G., Tsekhmistrenko, M., 14(8), 612-619, , 2021

74. The 3He/4He ratio of the new internal He Standard of Japan (HESJ), Matsuda, J., Matsumoto, T., Sumino, H., Nagao, K., Yamamoto, J., Miura, Y., ... & Sano, Y, 36(2), 191-195, , 2002

75. Generation of plume magmas through timean experimental perspective, Herzberg, C., 126(1), 1-16, , 1995

76. Tectonic structure of the M id‐Atlantic Ridge near 16° 30′ N., Parnell‐Turner, R., Schouten, H., Smith, D. K., 17(10), 3993-4010, , 2016

77. The Australian‐Antarctic discordanceNew results and implications, Weissel, J. K., Hayes, D. E., 79(17), 2579-2587, , 1974

78. The importance of melt extraction for tracing mantle heterogeneity, Stracke, A., & Bourdon, B, 73(1), 218-238, , 2009

79. Overlapping rift zones at the 5.5 S offset of the East Pacific Rise, Lonsdale, P., 88(B11), 9393-9406, , 1983

80. Anisotropic Tomography Around La Réunion Island From Rayleigh Waves, Montagner, J. P., Maurya, S., Stutzmann, E., Sigloch, K., Mazzullo, A., Kiselev, S., Barruol, G., 122(11), 9132–9148. https://doi. org/10.1002/2017JB014354, , 2017

81. Plumes subaxial pipe flow and topography along the mid-oceanic ridge, Vogt, P. R., 29(2), 309- 325, , 1976

82. The effect of transform faults on the character of the oceanic crust, Fox, P. J, In Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs (Vol. 7, p. 403, , 1978

83. Evolution of shield-building and rejuvenescent volcanism of Mauritius, Abouchami, W., Moore, J., White, W. M., Galer, S. J. G., Paul, D., Duncan, R. A., 207(1– 2), 47–66. https://doi. org/10.1016/J. JVOLGEORES.2011.07.005, , 2011

84. Fluid dynamic and geochemical aspects of entrainment in mantle plumes, Hauri, E. H., Whitehead, J. A., & Hart, S. R., 99(B12), 24275-24300, , 1994

85. Sr- Nd-Hf isotopes along the Pacific Antarctic Ridge from 41 to 53°S, Dosso, L., Barrat, J.-A., Ondréas, H., Hanan, B., Hamelin, C., 37(10). https://doi. org/10.1029/2010GL042979, , 2010

86. Dependence of ridge-axis morphology on magma supply and spreading rate, Phipps Morgan, J., & Chen, Y. J, 364(6439), 706-708, , 1993

87. Geophysical studies over a segment of the Carlsberg Ridge Indian Ocean, Ramana, M. V., Ramprasad, T., Raju, K. K., & Desa, M., 115(1-2), 21-28, , 1993

88. Heterogeneous mantle domainssignatures genesis and mixing chronologies, Hart, S. R., 90(3), 273- 296, , 1988

89. Pb–Sr isotope variation in Indian Ocean basalts and mixing phenomena, Dupré, B., Allègre, C. J, 303(5913), 142-146, , 1983

90. Helium isotopic systematics of oceanic islands and mantle heterogeneity, S. R. Hart, Kurz, M. D., W. J. Jenkins and, 297.5861 43-47, , 1982

91. Large-scale flow of Indian Ocean asthenosphere driven by Réunion plume, Barruol, G., Sigloch, K., Scholz, J. R., Mazzullo, A., Stutzmann, E., Montagner, J. P., ... & Dyment, J, 12(12), 1043-1049, , 2019

92. Ridge-plume interactions or mantle heterogeneity near Ascension Island?, Minshull, T. A. N. J. Bruguier and, J. M. Brozena, 26.2 115-118, , 1998

93. The near-solidus transition from garnet lherzolite to spinel lherzolite, Klemme, S., & O'Neill, H. S., 138(3), 237-248, , 2000

94. Upper mantle pollution during Afar Plume - continental Rift Interaction, Hanan, B. B., Graham, D. W., Furman, T., Schilling, J.-G., Blichert-Toft, J. and, Rooney, T. O., 53, 365–389. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egr065, , 2012

95. Basalts from Iceland and Along the Reykjanes RidgeSr Isotope Geochemistry, Powell, J. L., Hart, S. R., Schilling, J.-G., 246(155), 104–107. https://doi. org/10.1038/physci246104a0, , 1973

96. Basalts from Iceland and along the Reykjanes RidgeSr isotope geochemistry, Hart, S. R., J-G. Schilling, and J. L. Powell, 246.155 104-107, , 1973

97. 70 million years of seafloor spreading and magmatism in the South Atlantic, Carlson, R. L., Kardell, D. A., Reece, B., Estep, J., Christeson, G. L., 574, 117173, , 2021

98. On spreading modes and magma supply at slow and ultraslow mid-ocean ridges, Cannat, M., Leroy, S., Sauter, D., Bickert, M., Momoh, E., Lavier, L., 519, 223-233, , 2019

99. The provenance of sediments in the Gulf of Lions western Mediterranean Sea, Bayon, G., Hémond, C., Révillon, S., Rabineau, M., Berné, S., Jouet, G., Dennielou, B., 12(8). https://doi. org/10.1029/2011GC003523, , 2011

100. Origin of enriched ocean ridge basalts and implications for mantle dynamics, Donnelly, K. E., Goldstein, S. L., Langmuir, C. H., & Spiegelman, M., 226(3–4), 347–366. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. epsl.2004.07.019, , 2004

101. Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth's mantle beneath major hotspots, French, S. W., & Romanowicz, B, 525(7567), 95-99, , 2015

102. ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief modelProcedures data sources and analysis., Amante, C., Eakins, B. W., NOAA technical memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24 NOAA 10(2009), V5C8276M. https://doi. org/10.7289/V5C8276M, , 2009

103. Overlapping spreading centresNew accretion geometry on the East Pacific Rise, Fox, P. J., Macdonald, K. C., 302(5903), 55-58, , 1983

104. Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian Ridge, Chu, D., & Gordon, R. G., 398(6722), 64-67, , 1999

105. Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations, O'nions, R. K., McKenzie, D. A. N., 32(5), 1021-1091. https://doi. org/10.1093/petrology/32.5.1021, , 1991

106. Precise isotope determination of trace amounts of Nd in magnesium-rich samples, Shibata, T., & Yoshikawa, M., 52(6), 317-324, , 2004

107. Spreading-rate dependence of the extent of mantle melting beneath ocean ridges, Hekinian, R., Niu, Y., 385(6614), 326-329, , 1997

108. Magma genesis and the mapping of chemical and isotopic variations in the mantle, Galer, S. J. G., & O'nions, R. K., 56(1– 2), 45–61. https://doi. org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90109-9, , 1986

109. Widespread tectonic extension at the Central Indian Ridge between 8 S and 18 S., Kim, J., Son, J., Moon, J. W., Chandler, M. T., Baker, E. T., Kim, H. S., Pak, S. J., 45, 163-179. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. gr.2016.12.015, , 2017

110. Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean Spreading Centers, Baxter, A. N., Natland, J. H., White, W. M., Poreda, R., Bloomer, S. H., Fisher, R. L., Mahoney, J. J., Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 94(B4), 4033–4052. https://doi. org/10.1029/JB094IB04P04033, , 1989

111. Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean spreading centers, Mahoney, J. J., Natland, J. H., White, W. M., Poreda, R., Bloomer, S. H., Fisher, R. L., & Baxter, A. N., 94(B4), 4033-4052, , 1989

112. Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic correlation and the chemistry of the North Atlantic mantle, Dupré, B., & Allègre, C. J, 286(5768), 17-22, , 1980

113. Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic BasaltsIsotopes and Trace Elements, Hofmann, A. W., 2–9, 1–44. https://doi. org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02123-X, , 2007

114. Sampling mantle heterogeneity through oceanic basaltsisotopes and trace elements, Hofmann, A. W., 2, 568., , 2003

115. Widespread tectonic extension at the Central Indian Ridge between 8°S and 18°S, Choi, S. K., Moon, J. W., Baker, E. T., Pak, S. J., Chandler, M. T., Son, J., Kim, J., Kim, H. S., Son, S. K., Gondwana Research, 45, 163–179. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. gr.2016.12.015, , 2017

116. A global and regional stochastic analysis of near‐ridge abyssal hill morphology, Goff, J. A, 96(B13), 21713-21737, , 1991

117. Eruptive history of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano Reunion Island Indian Ocean, Nativel, P., Gillot, P.-Y., 36(1–3), 53–65. https://doi. org/10.1016/0377-0273(89)90005-X, , 1989

118. Geochemistry of basalts from the Hayes Transform region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Casey, J. R., Dmitriev, L., Magakyan, R., Bryan, W. B., Smith, S. E., Silantyev, S., 103(B3), 5305–5329. https://doi. org/10.1029/97JB03208, , 1998

119. MORB geochemistry from the Central Indian Ridge segments between 12°S and 17°S., Park, J., Lee, M., Vincent, C., Lee, S., Kim, J., Révillon, S., Version 1.0 https://doi. org/10.26022/IEDA/112112. Accessed 2022-10-31., , 2023

120. Origin of MORB and chemically-depleted mantle reservoirstrace element constraints, Saunders, A. D., Norry, M. J., & Tarney, J, (1), 415-445, , 1988

121. A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behaviour of ridge-axis discontinuities, Macdonald, K. C., Fox, P. J., Perram, L. J., Eisen, M. F., Haymon, R. M., Miller, S. P., ... & Shor, A. N., 335(6187), 217-225, , 1988

122. A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behaviour of ridge-axis discontinuities, Macdonald, K. C., Fox, P. J., Perram, L. J., Eisen, M. F., Haymon, R. M., Miller, S. P., Carbotte, S. M., Cormier, M. H., & Shor, A. N., Vol. 335, Issue 6187, pp. 217–225). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi. org/10.1038/335217a0, , 1988

123. Early Paleozoic mafic magmatic events on the eastern margin of the Siberian Craton, Khudoley, A. K., Prokopiev, A. V., Chamberlain, K. R., Ernst, R. E., Jowitt, S. M., Malyshev, S. V., ... & Koroleva, O. V., 174, 44-56., , 2013

124. Magmatic and tectonic extension at mid‐ocean ridges2. Origin of axial morphology, Ito, G., & Behn, M. D., 9(9), , 2008

125. Ridge-hotspot interactionsWhat mid-ocean ridges tell us about deep Earth processes, Dyment, J., Lin, J., & Baker, E. T., 20(1), 102-115, , 2007

126. Central role of detachment faults in accretion of slowspreading oceanic lithosphere, Escartín, J., Smith, D. K., Cann, J., Schouten, H., Langmuir, C. H., & Escrig, S., 455(7214), 790-794, , 2008

127. How the delamination and detachment of lower crust can influence basaltic magmatism, Lustrino, Michele, 72.1-2 21-38, , 2005

128. Inferences on mid-ocean ridge thermal and magmatic structure from MORB compositions, Rubin, K. H., Sinton, J. M., 260(1-2), 257-276, , 2007

129. Role of recycled oceanic basalt and sediment in generating the Hf–Nd mantle array, Chauvel, C., Lewin, E., Carpentier, M., Arndt, N. T., & Marini, J. C., 1(1), 64-67, , 2008

130. Petrological and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific rise 5°30′-14°30′ N., Langmuir, C. H., Batiza, R., Bender, J. F., 322(6078), 422–429. https://doi. org/10.1038/322422a0, , 1986

131. Spreading rate dependence of three-dimensional structure in oceanic spreading centres, Parmentier, E. M., Morgan, J. P., 348(6299), 325-328, , 1990

132. Evidence from gravity data for focused magmatic accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Schouten, H., Purdy, G. M., Zervas, C., Lin, J., Sempere, J. C., 344(6267), 627-632, , 1990

133. Mantle control of a dynamically evolving spreading centerMid-Atlantic Ridge 31–34 S., Michael, P. J., Forsyth, D. W., Harding, A. J., Hanan, B. B., Fox, P. J., Blackman, D. K., Weiland, C. M., 121(3-4), 451-468., , 1994

134. The Oceanographer fracture zone—I. Crustal structure from seismic refraction studies, Sinha, M. C., & Louden, K. E., 75(3), 713-736, , 1983

135. Continent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of Earth's mantle, McNamara, A. K., Shim, S. H., Garnero, E. J., 9(7), 481-489, , 2016

136. Extreme temporal homogeneity of helium isotopes at Piton de la Fournaise Réunion Island, Albarède, F., Condomines, M., Lupton, J., Graham, D., 347(6293), 545–548. https://doi. org/10.1038/347545a0, , 1990

137. The spreading rate dependence of three‐dimensional mid‐ocean ridge gravity structure, Lin, J., Morgan, J. P., 19(1), 13-16, , 1992

138. Formation of enriched mantle components by recycling of upper and lower continental crust, Willbold, M., & Stracke, A, 276(3-4), 188-197, , 2010

139. Magmatic and tectonic extension at mid‐ocean ridges1. Controls on fault characteristics, Behn, M. D., Ito, G., Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(8), , 2008

140. Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness, Klein, E. M., Langmuir, C. H., 92(B8), 8089-8115, , 1987

141. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief ModelProcedures Data Sources and Analysis. NESDIS NGDC-24, Amante, C., & B. W. Eakins, NOAA NOAA. https://doi. org/10.7289/V5C8276M, , 2009

142. New Samoan lavas from Ofu Island reveal a hemispherically heterogeneous high 3He/4He mantle, Jackson, Matthew G., et al, 264.3-4 360-374, , 2007

143. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia Turkey, Mitchell, J. G., Aldanmaz, E., Pearce,J. A., Thirlwall, M. F., 102, 67–95, , 2000

144. A new method for extracting and purifying lead from difficult matrices for isotopic analysis, Gale, N. H., 332(1), 15–21. https://doi. org/10.1016/0003-2670(96)00207-3, , 1996

145. New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure, Garcia, E., Smith, W. H. F., Francis, R., Sandwell, D. T., Müller, R. D., Science, 346(6205), 65–67. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.1258213, , 2014

146. Corrugated slip surfaces formed at ridge– transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Janssen, B., Cann, J. R., Blackman, D. K., Mello, S., Escartin, J., Smith, D. K., McAllister, E., 385(6614), 329-332, , 1997

147. The GEOROC database as part of a growing geoinformatics network In Geoinformatics 2008—data, Sarbas, B, to knowledgepp. 42-43), , 2008

148. Earth's heterogeneous mantleA product of convectiondriven interaction between crust and mantle, Stracke, A, 330, 274-299, , 2012

149. Structural geomorphology of a fast-spreading rise crestthe East Pacific Rise near 3° 25′ S., Lonsdale, P., 3(3), 251-293, , 1977

150. Tectonic and magmatic segmentation of the Global Ocean Ridge SystemA synthesis of observations, Carbotte, S. M., Cannat, M., Klein, E. M., Smith, D. K., Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 420(1), 249-295, , 2016

151. Geochemistry of Mauritius and the origin of rejuvenescent volcanism on oceanic island volcanoes, Paul, D., Blichert-Toft, J, White, W. M., 6(6). https://doi. org/10.1029/2004GC000883, , 2005

152. Lead and helium isotope evidence from oceanic basalts for a common deep source of mantle plumes, Hanan, B. B., & Graham, D. W., 272(5264), 991-995., , 1996

153. Second-order ridge axis discontinuities in the south AtlanticMorphology structure and evolution, Grindlay, N. R., Fox, P. J., & Macdonald, K. C., 13, 21-49., , 1991

154. Evidence from Sardinian basalt geochemistry for recycling of plume heads into the Earth's mantle, Gasperini, D. et al, 408.6813 701-704, , 2000

155. Heterogeneity in southern Central Indian Ridge MORBimplications for ridge–hot spot interaction, Murton, B. J., Tindle, A. G., Milton, J. A., & Sauter, D., 6(3), , 2005

156. Residence time of thorium uranium and lead in the mantle with implications for mantle convection, Galer, S. J. G., & O'nions, R. K., 316(6031), 778-782, , 1985

157. Superplume mantle tracked isotopically the length of Africa from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, Regelous, M., Miggins, D. P., O’Connor, J. M., Koppers, A. A., Kuiper, K. F., Jokat, W., 10(1), 5493, , 2019

158. Controls on magmatic degassing along the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for the helium paradox, Taylor, R. N., Thirlwall, M. F., Murton, B. J., Hilton, D. R., Nichols, A., 183(1-2), 43-50, , 2000

159. Observational and theoretical studies of the dynamics of mantle plume-mid-ocean ridge interaction, Lin, J., Ito, G., Graham, D., 41(4), , 2003

160. The spacing of rift axis highsdependence upon diapiric processes in the underlying asthenosphere?, Crane, K., 72(4), 405-414, , 1985

161. Isotope Geochemistry of Leg 115 Basalts and Inferences on the History of the Réunion Mantle Plume, White, W. M., Cheatham, M. M., & Duncan, R. A, In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 115 Scientific Results. Ocean Drilling Program. https://doi. org/10.2973/odp. proc. sr.115.131.1990, , 1990

162. Mineralogical and geochemical features of sulfide chimneys from the MESO zone Central Indian Ridge, Blum, N., Münch, U., Halbach, P., 155(1–2), 29–44. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0009- 2541(98)00139-9, , 1999

163. Osmium isotopic constraints on the nature of the DUPAL anomaly from Indian midocean- ridge basalts, Escrig, S., Capmas, F., Dupré, B., & Allègre, C. J., 431(7004), 59-63., , 2004

164. The Rodriguez Triple Junction (Indian Ocean)structure and evolution for the past one million years, Munschy, M., & Schlich, R., 11, 1-14, , 1989

165. Thin crust ultramafic exposures and rugged faulting patterns at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (22–24 N), Deplus, C., Cannat, M., Reynolds, J., Maia, M., Gente, P., Durand, C., Mevel, C., 23(1), 49-52, , 1995

166. Air contamination of basaltic magmasImplications for high 3 He/ 4 He mantle Ar isotopic composition, Stuart, F. M., Oskarsson, N., Turner, G., Burnard, P. G., 99(B9), 17709–17715. https://doi. org/10.1029/94JB01191, , 1994

167. Correlated trace element-Pb isotope enrichments in Indian MORB along 18–20 S Central Indian Ridge, Galer, S. J. G., Hémond, C., Abouchami, W., Nauret, F., Chauvel, C., Dyment, J., Hofmann, A. W., 245(1-2), 137-152., , 2006

168. Correlated trace element-Pb isotope enrichments in Indian MORB along 18–20°S Central Indian Ridge, Abouchami, W., Chauvel, C., Hemond, C., Galer, S., Nauret, F., Hofmann, A., Dyment, J., 245(1–2), 137–152. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. epsl.2006.03.015, , 2006

169. East African Rift System (EARS) plume structureinsights from Quaternary mafic lavas of Turkana Kenya, Furman, T., Bryce, J. G., Karson, J., & Iotti, A, 45(5), 1069-1088, , 2004

170. Geochemical constraints on mantle source nature and recycling of subducted sediments in the Sulu Sea, Wang, S., Zhang, G., 1(1), 100005, , 2022

171. Linkages between faulting volcanism hydrothermal activity and segmentation on fast spreading centers, Macdonald, K. C., 106, 27-58, , 1998

172. Long‐Term Evolution of Nontransform Discontinuities at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 24°N–27°30′N, Tucholke, B. E., Lin, J., Zheng, T., 124(10), 10023–10055. https://doi. org/10.1029/2019JB017648, , 2019

173. Origin of extensional core complexesEvidence from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at Atlantis fracture zone, Cann, J. R., Janssen, B., Smith, D. K., Blackman, D. K., 103(B9), 21315-21333, , 1998

174. The geochemistry of oceanic basalts in the vicinity of transform faultsobservations and implications, Langmuir, C. H., Bender, J. F., 69(1), 107–127. https://doi. org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90077-3, , 1984

175. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basaltsimplications for mantle composition and processes, Sun, S. S., & McDonough, W. F., 42(1), 313-345, , 1989

176. Petrologic and geochemical variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 29 degrees N to 73 degrees N., Johnston, T.,, Schilling, J. G., Zajac, M., Evans, R.,, White, W.,, Devine, J. D., &, Kingsley, R., 283(6), 510-586, , 1983

177. Widespread active detachment faulting and core complex formation near 13 N on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge, Smith, D. K., Cann, J. R., & Escartín, J, 442(7101), 440-443, , 2006

178. Crustal evolution of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near the Fifteen‐Twenty fracture zone in the last 5 Ma, Fujiwara, T., Matsumoto, T., Casey, J. F., Lin, J., Kelemen, P. B., Tucholke, B. E., 4(3), , 2003

179. Mid-ocean ridgesFine scale tectonic volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone, Macdonald, K. C., 10(1), 155-190, , 1982

180. Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basaltsconstraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, Langmuir, C. H., Klein, E. M., & Plank, T., 71, 183-280, , 1992

181. Archaean zircons in Miocene oceanic hotspot rocks establish ancient continental crust beneath Mauritius, Torsvik, T. H., Wiedenbeck, M., Ashwal, L. D., 2017 8:1, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi. org/10.1038/ncomms14086, , 2017

182. Enrichment of Rh Ru Ir and Os in Cr spinels from oxidized magmasEvidence from the Ambae volcano Vanuatu, Campbell, I. H., Eggins, S. M., Park, J. W., 78, 28–50. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. gca.2011.11.018, , 2012

183. Multi‐Mode Waveform Tomography of the Indian Ocean Upper and Mid‐Mantle Around the Réunion Hotspot, Romanowicz, B., Barruol, G., Montagner, J. P., Wamba, M. D., 126(8), e2020JB021490, , 2021

184. Reunion hotspot activitity through tertiary timeInitial results from the ocean drilling program leg 115, The Shipboard Scientific Party, Peterson, L., Backman, J., Duncan, R. A., 36(1–3), 193–198. https://doi. org/10.1016/0377- 0273(89)90013-9, , 1989

185. Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanic metamorphic core complexes on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge, Kleinrock, M. C., Lin, J., Tucholke, B. E., 103(5), 9857–9866. https://doi. org/10.1029/98jb00167, , 1998

186. Plume generation zones at the margins of large low shear velocity provinces on the core–mantle boundary, Steinberger, B., Burke, K., Smethurst, M. A., Torsvik, T. H., 265(1-2), 49-60, , 2008

187. Structure and stability of non-transform discontinuities on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge between 24 N and 30 N., Cann, J. R., Smith, D. K., McAllister, Edward, Lin, J., Spencer, S., 19, 339-362, , 1997

188. A geophysical study of oceanic core complexes and surrounding terrain Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 13° N–14° N., Mallows, C., Searle, R. C., 13(6), , 2012

189. Galapagos hot spot - spreading center system 1. Spatial petrological and geochemical variations (83oW-101oW), Devine, J. D., Schilling, J. G., Kingsley, R. H., 87(B7), 5593–5610. https://doi. org/10.1029/JB087iB07p05593, , 1982

190. U-Pb geochronology and isotope geochemistry of the Archean and Proterozoic rocks of north-central Madagascar, Tucker, R. D., Ashwal, L. D., Handke, M. J., Hamilton, M. A., Le Grange, M., & Rambeloson, R. A, 107(2), 135-153, , 1999

191. Contrasting origins of the upper mantle revealed by hafnium and lead isotopes from the Southeast Indian Ridge, Hanan, B. B., Blichert-Toft, J., Pyle, D. G., & Christie, D. M., 432(7013), 91-94., , 2004

192. High 3He/4He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes, Stuart, F. M., Lass-Evans, S., Godfrey Fitton, J., & Ellam, R. M., 424(6944), 57-59, , 2003

193. SKS splitting in the Western Indian Ocean from land and seafloor seismometersPlume plate and ridge signatures, Michon, L., Stutzmann, E., Fontaine, F. R., Scholz, J. R., Mazzullo, A., Sigloch, K., Barruol, G., Montagner, J. P., 498, 169–184. https://doi. org/10.1016/J. EPSL.2018.06.033, , 2018

194. Three‐dimensional mantle upwelling melt generation and melt migration beneath segment slow spreading ridges, Magde, L. S., Sparks, D. W., 102(B9), 20571- 20583, , 1997

195. Geochemical characteristics and origin of the HIMU reservoirA possible mantle plume source in the lower mantle, Hirahara, Y., Senda, R., Miyazaki, T., Hanyu, T., Chang, Q., Tatsumi, Y., Nakai, S. I., 12(2), , 2011

196. Geochemistry of near-EPR seamountsimportance of source vs. process and the origin of enriched mantle component, Niu, Y., Regelous, M., Wendt, I. J., Batiza, R., & O’Hara, M. J, 199(3-4), 327-345, , 2002

197. Origin of ocean island basaltsA new perspective from petrology geochemistry and mineral physics considerations, Niu, Y., & O'Hara, M. J, 108(B4), , 2003

198. A tectonic model for ridge-transform-ridge plate boundariesImplications for the structure of oceanic lithosphere, Fox, P. J., & Gallo, D. G., 104(3-4), 205-242, , 1984

199. Geochemical Variability Along the Northern East Pacific RiseCoincident Source Composition and Ridge Segmentation, Langmuir, C. H., Mallick, S., Salters, V. J. M., Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20(4), 1889–1911. https://doi. org/10.1029/2019GC008287, , 2019

200. Lithogeochemistry of the mid-ocean ridge basalts near the fossil ridge of the southwest sub-basin South China Sea, Wu, T., Li, C. F., Sun, K., Liu, X., Chen, X. G., Minerals, 10(5), 465, , 2020

201. Regional mantle heterogeneity regulates melt production along the Réunion hotspot-influenced Central Indian Ridge, Machida, S., Orihashi, Y., Magnani, M., Neo, N., Wilson, S., Tanimizu, M., ... & Tamaki, K., 48(5), 433-449, , 2014

202. Mascarene basin asthenosphere reservoir source and composition revealed by Central Indian Ridge basalt geochemistry, Vincent, C., Révillon, S., Lee, S. M., Kim, J., Oh, J., & Park, J. W., 122291, , 2024

203. Pyroxenite-rich mantle formed by recycled oceanic lithosphereOxygen-osmium isotope evidence from Canary Island lavas, Day, J. M., Pearson, D. G., Macpherson, C. G., Lowry, D., & Carracedo, J. C., 37(6), 555-558, , 2009

204. Evolution of a Cold Intra-Transform Ridge Segment Through Oceanic Core Complex Splitting and Mantle Exhumation System, Brunelli, D., Sichel, S., Briais, A., Ligi, M., Vincent, C., Maia, M., Equatorial Atlantic 24(5), e2023GC010870. https://doi. org/10.1029/2023GC010870, , 2023

205. Petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic granitoids and related rocks from the Seychellesthe case for an Andean-type arc origin, Ashwal, L. D., Demaiffe, D., & Torsvik, T. H., 43(1), 45-83, , 2002

206. Noble gas isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basaltsCharacterization of mantle source reservoirs, Graham, D. W., 47(1), 247-317, , 2002

207. Plutonic foundation of a slow‐spreading ridge segmentOceanic core complex at Kane Megamullion 23 30′ N 45 20′ W., Dick, H. J., Tivey, M. A., Tucholke, B. E., 9(5), , 2008

208. Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow‐spreading Central Indian Ridge 8° S–17° S., Pak, S. J., Son, J., Kim, J., Son, S. K., Baker, E. T., You, O. R., Moon, J. W., 15(5), 2011-2020., , 2014

209. Unradiogenic lead isotopic signatures of the source mantle beneath the southernmost segment of the Central Indian Ridge, Machida, S., Yoneda, S., Senda, R., Sato, H., Ashida, K., Nakamura, K., 424, 106774, , 2022

210. Experimental cpx/and garnet/melt partitioning of REE and other trace elements at high pressurespetrogenetic implications, Johnson, K. T. M., 58, 454-455, , 1994

211. Origin of MORB enrichment and relative trace element compatibilities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 10° and 24°N, Hémond, C., Vlastélic, I., Hofmann, A. W., Nauret, F., 7(12). https://doi. org/10.1029/2006GC001317, , 2006

212. Origin of MORB enrichment and relative trace element compatibilities along the mid‐Atlantic Ridge between 10 and 24 N., Hofmann, A. W., Nauret, F., Hémond, C., Vlastelic, I., 7(12), , 2006

213. Imaging deepmantle plumbing beneath La Réunion and Comores hot spotsVertical plume conduits and horizontal ponding zones, Wamba, M. D., Montagner, J. P., & Romanowicz, B, 9(4), eade3723, , 2023

214. Segmentation and morphotectonic variations along a slow-spreading centerThe Mid-Atlantic Ridge (24°00′ N- 30°40′ N), Purdy, G. M., Sempéré, J. C., Brown, H. S., Lin, J., Schouten, H., 15(3), 153–200. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF01204232, , 1993

215. Compositions of HIMU EM1 and EM2 from global trends between radiogenic isotopes and major elements in ocean island basalts, Dasgupta, R., Jackson, M. G., 276(1-2), 175-186, , 2008

216. From olivine nephelinite basanite and basalt to peralkaline trachyphonolite and comendite in the Ankaratra volcanic complex, Jourdan, F., Morra, V., Cucciniello, C., le Roex, A. P., Melluso, L., Grifa, C., de’ Gennaro, R., 40Ar/39Ar ages, phase compositions and bulk-rock geochemical and isotopic evolution. Lithos, 274–275, 363–382. https://doi. org/10.1016/J. LITHOS.2016.12.026, , 2017

217. The nature and origin of upper mantle heterogeneity beneath the Mid- Atlantic Ridge 33–35 NA Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic perspective, Niu, Y., Sun, P., Duan, M., Wang, X., Guo, P., Chen, S., Zhang, J., 307, 72-85, , 2021

218. Trace element composition of mantle end‐membersImplications for recycling of oceanic and upper and lower continental crust, Willbold, M., Stracke, A., 7(4), , 2006

219. Mantle heterogeneity in the source region of mid‐ocean ridge basalts along the northern Central Indian Ridge (8° S–17° S), Kim, J., Stuart, F. M., Moon, J. W., Pak, S. J., Oh, J., Lee, S. M., Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(4), 1419-1434, , 2017

220. Episodic recycling of ancient metasomatized continental lithosphereEvidence from lower oceanic crust of the Central Indian Ridge, Li, S. S., Saha, A., Santosh, M., Hazra, A., Ganguly, S., Manikyamba, C., 400, 106424, , 2021

221. Osmium-strontiumneodymium- lead isotopic covariations in mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses and the heterogeneity of the upper mantle, Schiano, P., Birck, J. L., & Allègre, C. J, 150(3-4), 363-379, , 1997

222. The effects of spreading rate the magma budget and the geometry of magma emplacement on the axial heat flux at mid‐ocean ridges, Morgan, J. P., Chen, Y. J., 101(B5), 11475-11482, , 1996

223. Age geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of alkali volcanic rocks from Mt. Melbourne and the western Ross Sea Antarctica, Lee, M. J., Lee, J. I., Kim, T. H., Lee, J., & Nagao, K., 19(4), 681-695, , 2015

224. Distribution of Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Ruthenium and Iridium in Leg 115 Hotspot BasaltsImplications for Magmatic Processes, Fryer, B. J, Greenough, J. D., 115 Scientific Results. Ocean Drilling Program. https://doi. org/10.2973/odp. proc. sr.115.128.1990, , 1990

225. Volatiles (He C N Ar) in mid-ocean ridge basaltsAssesment of shallow-level fractionation and characterization of source composition, Marty, B., & Zimmermann, L., 63(21), 3619-3633, , 1999

226. The relationship between buoyant mantle flow melt migration and gravity bull's eyes at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 33 N and 35 N., Sparks, D. W., Magde, L. S., Detrick, R. S., 148(1-2), 59-67, , 1997

227. Three‐dimensional gravity study of the Mid‐Atlantic RidgeEvolution of the segmentation between 28 and 29 N during the last 10 my, Rommevaux, C., Sempéré, J. C., Patriat, P., Deplus, C., 99(B2), 3015-3029, , 1994

228. The longest voyageTectonic magmatic and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia, Chatterjee, S., Scotese, C. R., Goswami, A., 23(1), 238–267. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. gr.2012.07.001, , 2013

229. Helium isotope variations between Réunion Island and the Central Indian Ridge (17–21 S)New evidence for ridge–hot spot interaction, Hémond, C., Füri, E., Dyment, J., Day, J. M., Hilton, D. R., Murton, B. J., 116(B2), , 2011

230. Geochemistry of basalts from the Indian Ocean triple junctionimplications for the generation and evolution of Indian Ocean ridge basalts, Price, R. C., Kennedy, A. K., Riggs-Sneeringer, M., & Frey, F. A, 78(4), 379-396, , 1986

231. Ultramafic exposures and the gravity signature of the lithosphere near the Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge 14–16.5 N), Cannat, M., Escartín, J., 171(3), 411-424, , 1999

232. Three‐dimensional seismic structure of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (35 N)Evidence for focused melt supply and lower crustal dike injection, Dunn, R. A., Toomey, D. R., Lekić, V., Detrick, R. S., 110(B9), , 2005

233. Helium isotope variations between Réunion Island and the Central Indian Ridge (17°–21°S)New evidence for ridge–hot spot interaction, Dyment, J., Murton, B. J., Hilton, D. R., Day, J. M. D., Füri, E., Hémond, C., 116(B2), B02207. https://doi. org/10.1029/2010JB007609, , 2011

234. Along‐axis variation in crustal thickness at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (50° E) from a wide‐angle seismic experiment, Minshull, T. A., Wu, Z., Sauter, D., Ruan, A., Niu, X., Li, J., Singh, S., 16(2), 468-485., , 2015

235. Quaternary volcanic activity of the southern Red Seanew data and assessment of models on magma sources and Afar plume-lithosphere interaction, Jochum, K. P., McCulloch, M. T., Volker, F., Altherr, R., 278(1-4), 15-29, , 1997

236. Evidence from gravity anomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots with the Southwest Indian RidgeEffects of transform offsets, Georgen, J. E., Dick, H. J., Lin, J., 187(3-4), 283-300, , 2001

237. Gravity anomalies of the ridgetransform system in the South Atlantic between 31 and 34.5 SUpwelling centers and variations in crustal thickness, Kuo, B. Y., & Forsyth, D. W., 10, 205-232., , 1988

238. Submarine basalts of the northern Kerguelen PlateauInteraction between the Kerguelen Plume and the Southeast Indian Ridge revealed at ODP Site 1140, Weis, D., & Frey, F. A., 43(7), 1287-1309, , 2002

239. Petrogenesis of lava from Christmas Island Northeast Indian Oceanimplications for the nature of recycled components in non-plume intraplate settings, Garbe-Schonberg, D., Hart, S. R., Schaefer, B. F., Bindeman, I. N., Hoernle, K., Falloon, T. J., Duncan, R. A., 12(3), 118., , 2022

240. Heterogeneous Fossil Reunion Plume Component in the Source Region of Enriched MORB Along the Central Indian Ridge Between 12 degrees and 17 degrees S., Kim, J., Park, J. W., Lee, S. M., Lee, M. J., Vincent, C., Révillon, S., 127(12), , 2022

241. Continental crust formation by crustal delamination in subduction zones and complementary accumulation of the enriched mantle I component in the mantle, Tatsumi, Y, 1(12), , 2000

242. New evidence for a volcanic arc on the western margin of a rifting Rodinia from ultramafic intrusions in the Andriamena region north-central Madagascar, Bybee, G. M., Wilson, A. H., Ashwal, L. D., 293(1-2), 42-53, , 2010

243. New limits on the motion between India and Australia since chron 5 (11 Ma) and implications for lithospheric deformation in the equatorial Indian Ocean, Royer, J. Y., Gordon, R. G., DeMets, C., & Vogt, P. R., 129(1), 41-74, , 1997

244. Evolution of alkalic magma systemsinsight from coeval evolution of sodic and potassic fractionation lineages at the Pleiades volcanic complex Antarctica, Park, J. W., Lee, M. J., Kim, J., Kyle, P. R., Lee, J. I., 60(1), 117-150, , 2019

245. The geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios of high 3He/4He Afar and MER basalts indicate a significant role of the African Superplume in EARS magmatism, Liu, X., Scarsi, P., Castillo, P. R., 376, 105791, , 2020

246. A different pattern of ridge segmentation and mantle Bouguer gravity anomalies along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (15° 30′ E to 25° E), Grindlay, N. R., Madsen, J. A., Rommevaux-Jestin, C., & Sclater, J, 161(1-4), 243- 253, , 1998

247. Nd and Pb isotope evidence from the Seychelles granites and their xenolithsMantle origin with slight upper-crust interaction for alkaline anorogenic complexes, Deutsch, S., Weis, D., 46(1), 13–35. https://doi. org/10.1016/0009-2541(84)90163-3, , 1984

248. A survey of the Southwest Indian ridge axis between Atlantis II fracture zone and the Indian Ocean triple junctionregional setting and large scale segmentation, Patriat, P., Sauter, D., Munschy, M., & Parson, L., 19, 457-480, , 1997

249. Deformation in the diffuse India‐Capricorn‐Somalia triple junction from a multibeam and magnetic survey of the northern Central Indian ridge 3° S–10° S., DeMets, C., Drolia, R. K., 6(9), , 2005

250. Nonvolcanic seafloor spreading and corner‐flow rotation accommodated by extensional faulting at 15 N on the Mid‐Atlantic RidgeA structural synthesis of ODP Leg 209, Faul, U., Kelemen, P. B., Dick, H. J., Cheadle, M. J., Casey, J. F., Schroeder, T., Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8(6)., , 2007

251. Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic mafic intrusions in the Panzhihua district (Sichuan Province SW China)Implications for subduction-related metasomatism in the upper mantle, Zhao, J. H., & Zhou, M. F., 152(1-2), 27-47., , 2007

252. Hafnium isotopes in basalts from the southern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge from 40° S to 55° SDiscovery and Shona plume–ridge interactions and the role of recycled sediments, Blichert‐Toft, J., Schilling, J. G., Andres, M., Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(10), 1-25, , 2002

253. Heterogeneous and asymmetric crustal accretionNew constraints from multibeam bathymetry and potential field data from the Rainbow area of the M id‐Atlantic Ridge (36° 15'N), Paulatto, M., Canales, J. P., Dunn, R. A., & Sohn, R. A, 16(9), 2994-3014., , 2015

254. Partial melting experiments on a MORB‐like pyroxenite between 2 and 3 GPaConstraints on the presence of pyroxenite in basalt source regions from solidus location and melting rate, Hirschmann, M. M., Pertermann, M., 108(B2), , 2003

255. Pétrologie géochronologie (K-Ar) et géochimie élémentaire et isotopique (Sr Nd Hf Pb) de laves anciennes de la Réunion Implications sur la construction de lédifice volcanique, Smietana, M., http://www. theses. fr/2011LARE0012/document, , 2011

256. Mantle compositional control on the extent of mantle melting crust production gravity anomaly ridge morphology and ridge segmentationA case study at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 33–35 N., Bideau, D., Batiza, R., Hékinian, R., Niu, Y., 186(3-4), 383-399, , 2001

257. Petrology of basalts from the Central Indian Ridge (lat. 25° 23′ S long. 70° 04′ E)estimates of frequencies and fractional volumes of magma injections in a two-layered reservoir, Humler, E., & Whitechurch, H., 88(1-2), 169-181, , 1988

258. Location of the Africa- Australia-India Triple Junction and Motion Between the Australian and Indian PlatesResults From an Aeromagnetic Investigation of the Central Indian and Carlsberg Ridges, Gordon, R. G., DeMets, C., Vogt, P., 119(3), 893–930. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994. tb04025. x, , 1994

259. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of mafic-ultramafic rocks from the Central Indian Ridge latitude 8–17 Sdenudation of mantle harzburgites and gabbroic rocks and compositional variation of basalts, Yi, S. B., Kim, J., Moon, J. W., Oh, C. W., Pak, S. J., 56(14), 1691-1719., , 2014

260. Mantle source features of the basalts and magma activity along the equatorial regions in the East Pacific RisePeriod Ocean University of China v. 48 A large-scale isotope anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle, Han, Z. Z. et al, Hart, S. R., Chinese with English Abstract 2018 309(5971), 753-757, , 1984