Active vision : the psychology of looking and seeing

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xii
• Chapter 1 Passive vision and active vision = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.2 Passive vision = 1
• 1.3 Visual attention = 3
• 1.4 Active vision = 4
• 1.5 Active vision and vision for action = 6
• 1.6 Outline of the book = 7
• Chapter 2 Background to active vision = 9
• 2.1 Introduction = 9
• 2.2 The inhomogeneity of the visual projections = 10
• 2.2.1 Introduction = 10
• 2.2.2 Physiology of the visual projections = 11
• 2.2.3 Psychophysical performance in peripheral vision = 14
• 2.2.4 Comparison of psychophysical and physiological measures = 16
• 2.3 Parallel visual pathways = 17
• 2.3.1 Magnocellular and parvocellular systems = 17
• 2.3.2 Visual processing in the cortex = 19
• 2.4 The oculomotor system = 21
• 2.4.1 The muscles of the eye = 21
• 2.4.2 Classification of eye movements = 22
• 2.5 Saccadic eye movements = 25
• 2.5.1 Characteristic of saccades = 25
• 2.5.2 Combining saccadic movements with pursuit and vergence = 29
• 2.5.3 Saccadic suppression = 31
• 2.5.4 Physiological pathways for saccadic eye movements = 32
• 2.6 Summary = 34
• Chapter 3 Visual selection, covert attention and eye movements = 35
• 3.1 Covert and overt attention = 35
• 3.2 Covert spatial attention = 36
• 3.2.1 Spotlights = 38
• 3.2.2 Zoom lens accounts of attention = 39
• 3.2.3 Late vs. early selection models of attention = 40
• 3.2.4 The visual benefits of covert spatial attention = 41
• 3.3 The relationship between covert and overt attention = 42
• 3.3.1 Klein's independence account = 42
• 3.3.2 The sequential attentional model = 43
• 3.3.3 The pre-motor theory of attention = 44
• 3.4 Speed of attention = 46
• 3.5 Neurophysiology of attention = 48
• 3.6 Non-spatial attention = 50
• 3.6.1 Attention to objects = 50
• 3.6.2 Attention to visual properties = 52
• 3.7 Active vision and attention = 52
• 3.8 Summary = 54
• Chapter 4 Visual orienting = 55
• 4.1 Introduction = 55
• 4.2 What determines the latency of orienting saccades? = 56
• 4.2.1 Target properties = 56
• 4.2.2 The gap effect = 57
• 4.2.3 The remote distractor effect = 59
• 4.2.4 Express saccades = 60
• 4.2.5 Variability in latencies = 61
• 4.3 Physiology of saccade initiation = 62
• 4.3.1 Burst and pause cells in the reticular formation = 62
• 4.3.2 Fixation, burst and buildup neurons in the superior colliculus = 65
• 4.3.3 Variability of saccade latencies = 68
• 4.4 What determines the landing position of orienting saccades? = 68
• 4.4.1 Corrective saccades = 69
• 4.4.2 The double step paradigm = 69
• 4.4.3 The double target paradigm = 72
• 4.4.4 Parallel processing of saccades = 73
• 4.4.5 Antisaccades = 74
• 4.5 Physiology of the WHERE system = 75
• 4.5.1 Spatial coding and the saccadic system = 77
• 4.6 The Findlay and Walker model = 77
• 4.7 Development and plasticity = 79
• Chapter 5 Visual sampling during text reading = 83
• 5.1 Introduction = 83
• 5.2 Basic patterns of visual sampling during reading = 84
• 5.3 Perception during fixations in reading = 87
• 5.3.1 Gaze-contingent methodologies = 87
• 5.3.2 Measurement of the perceptual span = 89
• 5.3.3 Preview benefit = 90
• 5.4 Language processing = 91
• 5.4.1 Lexical access : influences on the speed of word recognition = 91
• 5.4.2 Optimal viewing position = 93
• 5.5 Control of fixation duration = 94
• 5.6 Control of landing position = 95
• 5.6.1 Skipping words = 97
• 5.6.2 Can linguistic variables influence landing position within words? = 98
• 5.7 Theories of eye control during reading = 99
• 5.7.1 Models emphasizing non-cognitive factors = 99
• 5.7.2 Models driven by the lexical access process = 100
• 5.7.3 Evaluation = 101
• 5.8 Practical aspects of eye control in reading = 102
• 5.8.1 Reading and the physical characteristics of the text = 102
• 5.8.2 Dyslexia = 102
• 5.9 Overview = 103
• Chapter 6 Visual search = 105
• 6.1 Visual search tasks = 105
• 6.2 Theories of visual search = 106
• 6.2.1 Feature integration theory = 106
• 6.2.2 Guided search = 108
• 6.2.3 A late-selection model of visual search = 108
• 6.2.4 Overview of the models = 109
• 6.3 The need for eye movements in visual search = 109
• 6.3.1 Search without eye movements = 110
• 6.3.2 Visual search and the conspicuity area or visual lobe = 111
• 6.4 Eye movements in visual search = 112
• 6.4.1 Saccades in parallel and serial visual search = 112
• 6.4.2 Processing within an eye fixation during visual search = 113
• 6.4.3 Guidance of saccades in visual search = 115
• 6.4.4 Saccades in visual search : latencies and fixation durations = 116
• 6.4.5 Saccades in visual search : landing positions = 117
• 6.5 Ocular capture in visual search = 119
• 6.6 Saccades in visual search : scanpaths = 120
• 6.7 Physiology of visual search = 124
• 6.7 Summary = 126
• Chapter 7 Natural scenes and activities = 129
• 7.1 Introduction = 129
• 7.1.1 Early studies of picture scanning = 130
• 7.1.2 Average characteristics of eye movement patterns during picture viewing = 132
• 7.1.3 Scanpaths = 133
• 7.1.4 The gaze selects informative details = 134
• 7.2 Analytic studies of scene and object perception = 135
• 7.2.1 Scenes and objects = 135
• 7.2.2 Theories of object perception and scene perception = 135
• 7.2.3 Are eye movements necessary for scene and object perception? = 137
• 7.2.4 Object perception in peripheral vision = 139
• 7.2.5 Scene context and object perception = 140
• 7.2.6 Change blindness = 143
• 7.3 Dynamic scenes and situations = 145
• 7.3.1 Deictic vision = 145
• 7.3.2 Vision supporting everyday actions = 147
• 7.4 Summary = 149
• Chapter 8 Human neuropsychology = 151
• 8.1 Blindsight = 152
• 8.2 Neglect = 155
• 8.3 Balint's syndrome and dorsal simultanagnosia = 159
• 8.4 Frontal lobe damage = 160
• 8.5 Orienting without eye movements = 162
• 8.5.1 Peripheral neuropsychology = 163
• 8.5.2 Reading without eye movements = 164
• 8.5.3 Saccadic head movements = 165
• 8.6 Summary = 167
• Chapter 9 Space constancy and trans-saccadic integration = 169
• 9.1 The traditional approach : 'compensatory taking into account' = 169
• 9.2 Trans-saccadic integrations = 171
• 9.2.1 Detection of displacement during saccades = 171
• 9.2.2 Trans-saccadic fusion = 172
• 9.2.3 Localisation of peri-saccadic probes = 172
• 9.2.4 Memory guidance of saccades = 174
• 9.3 Resolution of the conflicting results = 175
• 9.3.1 Target displacements during saccades can be detected under some circumstances = 175
• 9.3.2 A revised theory of space constancy and trans-saccadic integration = 176
• 9.3.3 The neurophysiology of trans-saccadic processes = 178
• 9.4 Conclusion : The Active Vision Cycle = 178
• 9.5 Future directions = 180
• References = 181
• Index = 215