Offshore wind power has gained global attention as a key means of addressing climate change and ensuring energy security. In South Korea, offshore wind power is being promoted as a major instrument of the mid- to long-term energy transition aimed at a...
Offshore wind power has gained global attention as a key means of addressing climate change and ensuring energy security. In South Korea, offshore wind power is being promoted as a major instrument of the mid- to long-term energy transition aimed at achieving the national goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. However, the implementation of offshore wind projects in Korea has encountered substantial difficulties due to insufficient institutional foundations, complex administrative procedures, and conflicts among stakeholders. In particular, securing local acceptance has emerged as a decisive factor that critically affects the sustainability of offshore wind project development. Against this backdrop, this study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing conflict and local acceptance during the development of offshore wind power projects, and to derive policy and institutional implications for mitigating conflicts and enhancing local acceptance.
This study selected Shinan-gun in Jeollanam-do and Incheon Metropolitan City as case study areas, focusing on locations where offshore wind projects are currently being developed or where such projects exert direct impacts on local communities. Both regions share common characteristics, including offshore wind project sites located adjacent to islands and coastal areas and the coexistence of publicly led and privately led projects. However, they differ markedly in the degree of local government involvement, administrative structures, and modes of project implementation. These interregional differences provide appropriate conditions for a comparative analysis of the factors influencing conflict and local acceptance surrounding offshore wind development.
A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative research methods was employed. First, a literature review was conducted to examine the current status of offshore wind development and the institutional foundations in each region. Based on this review, in-depth interviews were carried out with key stakeholders, including local government officials, residents, fishers, project developers, and civil society organizations. The interview data were analyzed and categorized using Charmaz’s (2006) constructivist grounded theory approach to reconstruct the processes through which conflict and local acceptance are formed. Subsequently, a survey of local residents was conducted to identify the factors influencing offshore wind acceptance and to analyze differences in perceptions among groups. Finally, findings from the literature review, in-depth interviews, and survey were synthesized and applied to the DPSIR framework in order to provide a more systematic and structural explanation of the processes underlying conflict and the formation of local acceptance.
The results indicate that, in both regions, local residents exhibited relatively high overall levels of support for offshore wind power projects. However, a substantial proportion of residents expressed conditional acceptance due to uncertainty surrounding compensation and damage assessment criteria and institutional deficiencies. Expectations of economic benefits were identified as the factor exerting the most positive influence on local acceptance, whereas concerns about environmental impacts functioned as a major factor undermining acceptance. In addition, structural changes in the fisheries sector and the decline of fisheries, driven by climate change and population aging, served as background factors shaping expectations toward offshore wind development.
Furthermore, prior experiences of conflict related to other development projects were found to produce statistically significant differences in both acceptance of offshore wind projects and willingness to participate in decision-making processes. Specifically, residents with prior conflict experience exhibited relatively lower levels of acceptance of offshore wind projects, while demonstrating a higher willingness to engage in decision-making processes.
Meanwhile, conflicts in both regions were found to arise from factors such as compensation standards lacking scientific justification, the absence of grid connection plans, threats to fishers’ livelihoods, and information asymmetry. In particular, in Shinan-gun, the concentration of information access and decision-making authority among certain high-income fishers and leaders of fishers’ organizations intensified conflicts. Moreover, compensation discussions centered on vessel-owning fishers resulted in the structural exclusion of vulnerable labor groups, such as short-term contract crew members. In Incheon Metropolitan City, key procedures such as the installation of wind measurement equipment, permits for the occupation and use of public waters, and the disclosure of draft environmental impact assessments were conducted without consultation with local residents, raising concerns regarding procedural legitimacy and thereby amplifying distrust and conflict within the local community. In addition, negative experiences from previous development projects, such as nuclear waste facilities, airport construction, and marine aggregate extraction, have become internalized within local communities and functioned as factors generating distrust toward offshore wind projects. Conflicts also emerged as project developers maintained that compensation negotiations could proceed only after project feasibility assessments, whereas some residents demanded compensation prior to the commencement of construction.
Based on a multi-layered analysis of the factors influencing conflict and local acceptance surrounding offshore wind development, this study derives the following policy implications. First, scientifically grounded and rational compensation standards, along with fair benefit-sharing mechanisms, should be established, with compensation systems centered on those who have suffered actual damages. Second, transparent and inclusive communication structures should be institutionalized throughout the entire project lifecycle, accompanied by tailored information provision that accounts for local characteristics and aging populations. Third, cooperative governance among the central government, local governments, and residents should be institutionally embedded, and trust-based governance frameworks should be firmly established. Finally, moving beyond a simple dichotomy of support and opposition, offshore wind power development should be advanced through substantive social consensus in order to enhance both its sustainability and practical feasibility. Such policy and institutional improvements will constitute a critical foundation for the future expansion of offshore wind power and the achievement of national energy transition goals.