The Causal Relationship between Tourism and the Environment

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The view taken in this study is that tourism and the environment have a unique relationship force towards to the impact of its both development to the area and to the industry. According to this view, tourism impact the environment positively or negatively. However, if the tourism impact to the environment, there might be a possibility that environment impact to tourism, in the same way as environment impact to the tourism or vise versa. Based on this view, the purpose of this study was to (1) to examine whether tourism led environmental impact, (2) to investigate whether environment driven tourism impact, (3) to find out whether tourism and the environment have symbiotic relationship, or (4) to find out whether tourism and the environment may have no symbiotic relationship.

In order to gather some information regarding to the need for the purpose to answer, a quarterly secondary data was collected to some department who are responsible in collecting and storing data of the said variables. the data was collected through the use of official website of South Korea where the area of study is conducted.
Analysis of data was performed in the programed name Stata of which the statistics and data analysis were combined or (portmanteau). In the analysis there are three test that were conducted in the study: (1) unit root test, in this test the stationarity of each variables are being tested to used in the final model. (2) cointegration test, this is only performed if some of the variable is non-stationary. And last is the (3) Granger's causality test, which is the main model used to test the causal relationship of tourism and the environment in the research study.
The results shows that one variable provide non-stationarity among all the variables. Therefore the second test were performed which is the cointegration test. It is to find out the significance of two variables between the non-stationary and stationary variables. The result shows that all variables are significant which are Particulate Matter(PM10), Carbon Monoxide(CO), Salinity(Salt), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Total Suspend Solids(TSS), and Chlorophyll. All of the variables provide a one way relationship except Chlorophyll. In the final test of Granger's causality test, the result shows that only Chlorophyll have symbiotic relationship between tourism and the environment.
In conclusion, it is true that there is a causal relationship between tourism and the environment. However, the impact that brought about tourism to the environment is heavier and rapid than the environment impact to tourism. Because environment will take a longer time to have reaction due to its natural processes. Therefore in order to achieve substantiable development in tourism, it is better to consider first the causal relationship of tourism and the environment. Due to the rapid impact of tourism to the environment, a further research is needed to check the variables in a more longer time than quarterly basis. Monthly basis and a more longer years is highly recommended in the future study. It is also highly recommended for the policy makers and tourism field to take consider and give importance to the causal relationship between tourism and the environment.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................................i
• Abstract.....................................................................................................................................iii
• CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................vi
• List of Tables.........................................................................................................................ix
• List of Figures.........................................................................................................................x
• I. Introduction............................................................................................................................1
• 1. Background of the Study...................................................................................1
• 2. Purpose of the Study.........................................................................................12
• 3. Hypotheses and Assumptions of the Study...............................................14
• 4. Delimitation of the Study.................................................................................15
• 5. Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................17
• II. Review of Related Literature.......................................................................................18
• 1. Tourism Impacts.................................................................................................18
• 1) Economic Impacts.................................................................................19
• 2) Environmental Impacts........................................................................23
• (1) Negative Effects of Tourism
• to the environment...............................................................24
• (2) Positive Effects of Tourism
• to the Environment..............................................................26
• 3) Socio-cultural Impacts........................................................................27
• (1) Negative Effects of Tourism
• to the Socio-culture............................................................28
• (2) Positive Effects of Tourism
• to the Socio-culture............................................................29
• 2. Environmental Impacts to Tourism..............................................................30
• 1) Wildlife .................................................................................................31
• 2) Scenery..................................................................................................32
• 3) Culture....................................................................................................34
• 3. Environmental Change......................................................................................34
• 1) Pollution.................................................................................................35
• 2) Erosion...................................................................................................37
• 3) Natural Resource Disturbance........................................................41
• 4) Visual Effects.......................................................................................42
• III. Research Methodology..................................................................................................43
• 1. The Data...............................................................................................................43
• 1) Kinds of Data........................................................................................43
• (1) Water Quality Index.............................................................43
• (2) Air Quality Index..................................................................45
• (3) Tourism Arrival.....................................................................46
• 2) Source of Data......................................................................................47
• 3) Study Area.............................................................................................48
• 2. Research Method Used...................................................................................49
• 1) Unit root test.........................................................................................50
• 2) Cointegration test..................................................................................51
• 3) Granger's causality test.....................................................................52
• 3. Specification of the Model...............................................................................53
• IV. Results...............................................................................................................................55
• 1. Definition of variables.......................................................................................56
• 1) Water Quality Index............................................................................56
• 2) Air Quality Index.................................................................................57
• 3) Tourism Arrival....................................................................................57
• 2. The Stationary Test..........................................................................................58
• 3. Cointegration Test..............................................................................................60
• 4. Granger's Causality Test.................................................................................64
• V. Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations.............................70
• 1. Summary of Findings.......................................................................................70
• 2. Conclusions...........................................................................................................74
• 3. Recommendations................................................................................................75
• Reference..................................................................................................................................76