The purpose of this study is to examine the structural relationships among support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving among university students majoring in software...
The purpose of this study is to examine the structural relationships among support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving among university students majoring in software who have participated in project-based learning. To achieve this purpose, the research objectives are as follows. First, to establish a structural model of support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving among software-major university students participating in project-based learning. Second, to identify the direct effects among support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving. Third, to examine the mediating effects of failure tolerance and programming self-efficacy in the relationships between support for project-based learning and creative problem solving, and between informal learning and creative problem solving.
The population of this study consisted of university students majoring in software at four-year universities who had experience participating in project-based learning. Considering the research context of project-based learning, the target population was defined as third- and fourth-year students majoring in software at universities participating in the Software-Centered University Program who had experience in project-based learning. The sample size was set at 480, taking into account criteria for determining sample size to generalize the research findings. To enhance the validity of structural equation modeling, proportional stratified sampling based on region, major, and gender was employed.
The survey instrument consisted of items measuring creative problem solving, support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and general characteristics. Support for project-based learning was measured using an instrument developed by the researcher through stages of construct conceptualization, preliminary item development, and validation and reliability testing. Programming self-efficacy was measured using a translated and adapted scale through a back-translation procedure.
Data were collected through a pilot study and a main survey. The pilot study was conducted from October 18 to 22, 2025, and the main survey from October 27 to November 16, 2025. Separate online survey links were created for each participating university, and screening items related to major and project-based learning experience were used to identify appropriate respondents. The survey links were distributed through institutional coordinators at each university. A total of 437 responses were collected in the main survey; however, after excluding responses that were inappropriate for the study purpose, careless responses, and statistical outliers, 364 responses were retained for final analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and Mplus 8.11. Descriptive statistics were conducted to examine general characteristics, and analyses of data adequacy, measurement models, and structural models were performed. The significance level was set at .05 for all analyses.
The main findings of the study are summarized as follows. First, the structural model of support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving among software-major university students participating in project-based learning satisfied all model fit indices except for the chi-square statistic, indicating that the proposed structural model was acceptable. Second, support for project-based learning had a significant positive effect on failure tolerance but did not have significant effects on programming self-efficacy or creative problem solving. Informal learning had significant positive effects on failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving. Failure tolerance had significant positive effects on programming self-efficacy and creative problem solving, and programming self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on creative problem solving. Third, failure tolerance mediated the relationships between support for project-based learning and creative problem solving, and between informal learning and creative problem solving. Programming self-efficacy mediated the relationship between informal learning and creative problem solving but did not mediate the relationship between support for project-based learning and creative problem solving. Failure tolerance and programming self-efficacy were found to sequentially mediate the relationships between support for project-based learning and creative problem solving, and between informal learning and creative problem solving, indicating a dual mediation effect.
The major conclusions are as follows. First, the proposed research model is appropriate for predicting the structural relationships among support for project-based learning, informal learning, failure tolerance, programming self-efficacy, and creative problem solving among software-major university students participating in project-based learning. Second, support for project-based learning influences creative problem solving only through psychological factors such as failure tolerance and programming self-efficacy. Third, informal learning not only has a direct effect on creative problem solving but also influences creative problem solving through psychological factors such as failure tolerance and programming self-efficacy.
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following implications are suggested. For practical application, first, given that support for project-based learning is an important antecedent that activates psychological factors related to creative problem solving, systematic and effective instructional support from instructors should be strengthened. Second, as failure tolerance was identified as a key antecedent psychological factor, instructional strategies are needed to help software-major university students perceive failure in a constructive and positive manner during project-based learning. Third, as informal learning was found to be an important factor for creative problem solving, opportunities for informal learning activities that allow students to voluntarily explore and solve problems beyond formal curricula should be provided. Suggestions for future research are as follows. First, considering the possibility that levels of creative problem solving may differ across observed dimensions, future studies should examine types of creative problem solving among software-major university students. Second, there is a need to develop a failure tolerance measurement instrument that reflects the specific context of software majors.