다중표상을 적용한 과학 문제 해결 과정에서 초등학생의 안구 운동 분석 = Analysis of the Elementary Students` Eye Movement in Science Problems Solving Process applying Multiple Representation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The main purpose of this study was to examine elementary students` visual attention that appeared in science problem solving process applying multiple representation. For this study, 32 fourth graders participated voluntarily. The eye movement data of participants was collected by the eye-tracker (SMI). In this study, eye movement data mainly measured fixation time rate and fixation transition. We acquired a significant conclusion through these outcomes. As a result of the experiment, there was a specific pattern when they solved science problems using multiple representation. Group of correct answer students had a high FTR(fixation time rate) on problem areas than group of wrong answer students in oder to understand problems. More attention was placed on the area of correct answers than wrong answers. At first, they gave attention to the problem area, gradually giving attention to the area of correct answers. When presented with a multirepresentational problem, students gave attention to the linguistic representations and symbolic representations to solve the problems. Fixation transition data showed that visual representation within the area of horizontal transition was more frequent than that of vertical transition. This study explained the solving process of elementary students` on the multiple representation problems through eye movement data.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 최현동, "초등과학영재와 일반 아동의 분류 과정에서 나타나는 안구 운동 패턴의 차이" 한국초등과학교육학회 31 (31): 501-512, 2012

2 신동훈, "초등과학 교과서 삽화 이해 과정에서 나타나는 교사와 학생의 안구 운동의 차이" 한국생물교육학회 41 (41): 198-210, 2013

3 신원섭, "초등 교사들의 과학교과서 그래프 이해 과정에 대한 안구 운동 분석" 한국초등과학교육학회 31 (31): 386-397, 2012

4 임청환, "초등 과학 영재의 과학 문제 해결 과정 분석" 한국초등과학교육학회 30 (30): 213-231, 2011

5 강훈식, "제7차 초등학교 3~6학년 과학 교과서에 제시된 외적 표상들의 활용 실태 분석" 한국초등과학교육학회 27 (27): 158-169, 2008

6 변정호, "시선추적기(Eye-Tracker)를 활용한 시선집중 및 배분 교수행동 패턴의 컨설팅 사례연구" 학습자중심교과교육학회 11 (11): 173-199, 2011

7 노태희, "그리기와 쓰기를 활용한 다중 표상 학습에서소집단 토론과 시각적 학습 양식의 영향" 한국과학교육학회 27 (27): 28-36, 2007

8 신원섭, "관찰 문제에서 초등학생의 과학 학업성취도에 따른 안구운동 분석" 한국초등과학교육학회 32 (32): 185-197, 2013

9 김소영, "과학 학업성취도 문항 풀이에서 초등학생의 시선추적 연구" 학습자중심교과교육학회 12 (12): 65-78, 2012

10 최현동, "과학 교과서의 표를 해석하는 초등교사들의 안구 운동 추적" 한국초등과학교육학회 31 (31): 358-371, 2012

11 Michelle, C., "influence of prior knowledge on viewing and interpreting graphics with macroscopic and molecular representations, incorporated" 92 : 848-867, 2008

12 Senso Motoric Instruments, "iView X TM Manual"

13 Tsai, M. J., "Visual attention for solving multiplechoice science problem : An eye-tracking analysis" 58 : 375-385, 2012

14 신원섭, "UX관점에서 Eye-tracking을 이용한 교육용 게임 UI연구" 한국정보교육학회 17 (17): 211-224, 2013

15 Mayer, R. E., "The promise of multimedia learning : Using the same instructional design methods across different media" 13 (13): 125-139, 2003

16 Liu, C. J., "The influence of different representations on solving concentration problems at elementary School" 20 : 621-629, 2011

17 Ainsworth, S., "The functions of multiple representations" 33 (33): 131-152, 1999

18 Slykhuis, D. A., "Eye-tracking students’ attention to power-point photographs in science education" 14 (14): 509-520, 2005

19 van Tamara G., "Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning" 20 : 95-99, 2010

20 Henderson, J. M., "Eye movements during scene viewing: an overview, In Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception" Elsevier 269-294, 1998

21 Andrew, D., "Eye Tracking Methodology ; Theory and Practice" Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007

22 Holmqvist, K., "Eye Tracking : A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures" Oxford University Press 9-144, 2011

23 Senso Motoric Instruments, "Experiment center Manual version 3.1" 2011

24 Chuang, H. H., "Effects of different multimedia presentations on viewers informationprocessing activities measured by eye-tracking technology" 21 : 276-286, 2012

25 van Merrienboer, J. J. G., "Cognitive load theory and complex learning : Recent developments and future directions" 17 (17): 147-177, 2005

26 Senso Motoric Instruments, "BeGaze Manual version 3.1"

27 Liu, H. C., "An examination of cognitive processing of multimedia information based on viewers’ eye movements" 19 (19): 503-517, 2011

28 Park, H., "A study on evaluating visual attention of public environment facilities in subways by using eye tracking method" 23 (23): 237-246, 2010