Spatially Explicit Air Pollution Emission-Sink Assessment for Integrated Management Strategies

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Air pollution has emerged as a significant environmental issue globally, with various mitigation and adaptation policies being implemented to address it. Mitigation involves identifying emission sources and regulating the amount of pollutants they release, while adaptation focuses on using resources to reduce the damage caused by already emitted pollutants. Domestically, efforts are directed towards identifying various air pollution sources and applying tailored strategies to reduce final emissions. Concurrently, efforts are made to analyze the quantity and quality of pollutants that domestic forests can absorb and to manage these forests accordingly.
In the first chapter of this study, the effectiveness of policies applied to transportation sources in the Seoul Capital Area was quantitatively analyzed. The study period spanned from 2000 to 2019, during which scenarios with and without policy interventions were compared. Additionally, emission scenarios for 2030 and 2050 were simulated based on current management plans such as vehicle scrappage and the transition to eco-friendly vehicles. The analysis revealed that, without current air pollution management policies, emissions would have increased by approximately 64% for NO2, 93% for PM10, and 91% for PM2.5. The differences in emissions among pollutants were attributed to the differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles and the pollutants they emit. Spatial analysis of quantified pollutants identified emission hotspots, primarily in new town areas, all of which exhibited above-average emission levels. Despite green space planning aimed at environmental protection and improving urban living conditions, these areas had high emissions due to their emphasis on traffic accessibility. Future scenario analysis indicated that policy effects would become more pronounced by 2050, with the transition to eco-friendly vehicles showing a greater reduction in emissions compared to the scrappage scenario.
The second chapter quantified the services provided by forests as sinks for air pollutants using various spatial data. The total and per-unit-area absorption capacities of different regions were compared. Gyeonggi province, with the largest area and extensive forest regions, showed the highest overall absorption, while Seoul demonstrated the highest absorption efficiency per unit area. This suggests that forests closer to major emission sources, such as Seoul, have higher absorption efficiencies. Age-class analysis showed that forests in the 4th age class had the highest total absorption, followed by the 5th and 3rd age classes. Per-unit-area absorption efficiency analysis revealed that, while efficiencies were similar across age classes 1 to 4, they began to increase from the 5th age class, with NO2 peaking at the 6th age class and PM10 and PM2.5 peaking at the 7th age class. Unlike previous studies on greenhouse gas absorption, which suggested that older trees absorb less efficiently, this study found that forests up to the 6th or 7th age class were effective at absorbing air pollutants.
The third chapter integrated the findings from the previous chapters to propose strategies for future air pollution management. The spatial analysis examined differences in absorption capacities between protected and non-protected areas, classifying target areas into emission sources requiring priority management, sinks requiring priority management, and sinks needing protection. Sinks requiring priority management were identified as forests within the significant distance thresholds for each pollutant (7 km for NO2, 2 km for PM10, and 7 km for PM2.5). Priority protection sinks were those with high absorption rates but currently not designated as protected areas, yet adjacent to protected zones. The analysis confirmed that protected areas had higher absorption efficiencies and were mostly categorized as national, provincial, or municipal parks. Parks, located near urban areas, were ideal absorbers due to their proximity to emission sources and minimal human interference. Additionally, emission hotspots identified in Chapter 2 lacked nearby high-absorption forests, underscoring the need to maximize green spaces in new towns to counteract increasing emissions. Finally, all regions were classified into 'High emission, Large sink zones', 'High emission, Small sink zones', 'Low emission, Large sink zones', and 'Low emission, Small sink zones' for targeted analysis and strategy development.
This study quantitatively assessed the effects of policies by simulating scenarios without air pollution management, spatially detailed the resultant emissions, and projected future emissions based on different scenarios. It also analyzed the air pollution mitigation capabilities of forests by species and age class. The integration of these results to develop comprehensive strategies is significant, providing foundational data for future emission source and sink management and integrated strategy formulation.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• ABSTRACT i
• 국문 초록 iv
• LIST OF TABLES x
• LIST OF FIGURES xi
• NOMENCLATURE xiv
• CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
• 1.1 Background 1
• 1.1.1. Global and national air pollution regulation efforts 1
• 1.1.2. Policy assessment and spatialization 4
• 1.1.3. Forests as Nature-based Solution for air pollution 5
• 1.1.4. Integrated spatial analysis for air quality enhancement 6
• 1.2 Research scopes and perspectives 8
• 1.2.1 Research scope 8
• 1.2.2 Study area 10
• 1.3 Outline of dissertation 12
• CHAPTER 2. SPATIALLY EXPLICIT ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMISSION MANAGEMENT EFFECTS IN SEOUL CAPITAL AREA 16
• 2.1 Introduction 16
• 2.2 Methodology 18
• 2.2.1 National Air Pollution management policies 18
• 2.2.2 Transportation Emission Estimation 20
• 2.2.3 Current and Future Policy effect assessment 22
• 2.2.4 Spatial allocation 25
• 2.3 Results and Discussion 27
• 2.3.1 Air pollution management under current emission strategies 27
• 2.3.2 Spatialization of emissions based on policy implementation 34
• 2.3.3 Assessment of air pollution management under future emission scenarios 37
• 2.4 Implications and Limitations 43
• CHAPTER 3. AIR POLLUTION REMOVAL BY FORESTS AND MANAGEMENT IN SEOUL CAPITAL AREA 46
• 3.1 Introduction 46
• 3.2 Methodology 49
• 3.2.1 Dry deposition calculation 49
• 3.2.2 Weather and concentration data 52
• 3.2.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI) and forest coverage 53
• 3.3 Results and Discussion 54
• 3.3.1 Overall and regional air pollution removal in SCA 54
• 3.3.2 Air pollution removal by forest characteristics and tree species 59
• 3.4 Implications and Limitations 70
• CHAPTER 4. AIR POLLUTION EMISSION-SINK ANALYSIS FOR AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT 72
• 4.1 Introduction 72
• 4.2 Methodology 75
• 4.2.1 Role of Protected Areas as air pollution sinks 75
• 4.2.2 Spatial analysis of integrated map 77
• 4.3 Results and Discussion 81
• 4.3.1 Role of Protected Areas as absorption sinks within SCA 81
• 4.3.2 Integration of emission source and absorption sink map 84
• 4.3.2 Spatial analysis of emission source and absorption sink map 87
• 4.4 Implications and Limitations 97
• CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 99
• REFERENCES 104

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