Water distribution systems handbook|RISS 상세보기

목차 (Table of Contents)

CONTENTS
Contributors = xxv
Preface = xxvii
Acknowledgments = xxix
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS
Contributors = xxv
Preface = xxvii
Acknowledgments = xxix
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND = 1.1
1.2 HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION = 1.3
1.2.1 Ancient Urban Water Supplies = 1.3
1.2.2 Status of Water Distribution Systems in the 19th Century = 1.9
1.2.3 Perspectives on Water Distribution Mains in the United States = 1.10
1.2.4 Early Pipe Flow Computational Methods = 1.16
1.3 MODERN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 1.16
1.3.1 The Overall Systems = 1.16
1.3.2 System Components = 1.20
1.3.3 System Operation = 1.26
1.3.4 The Future = 1.29
REFERENCES = 1.30
CHAPTER 2 : HYDRAULICS OF PRESSURIZED FLOW
2.1 INTRODUCTION = 2.1
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF PIPELINE SYSTEMS = 2.2
2.3 NUMERICAL MODELS : BASIS FOR PIPELINE ANALYSIS = 2.3
2.4 MODELING APPROACH = 2.4
2.4.1 Properties of Matter（What?） = 2.5
2.4.2 Laws of Conservation（How?） = 2.6
2.4.3 Conservation of Mass = 2.7
2.4.3.1 law of conservation of chemical species = 2.7
2.4.3.2 Steady flow = 2.8
2.4.4 Newton's Second Law = 2.9
2.5 SYSTEM CAPACITY : PROBLEMS IN TIME AND SPACE = 2.10
2.6 STEADY FLOW = 2.13
2.6.1 Turbulent Flow = 2.15
2.6.2 Headloss Caused by Friction = 2.16
2.6.3 Comparison of Loss Relations = 2.18
2.6.4 Local Losses = 2.21
2.6.5 Tractive Force = 2.22
2.6.6 Conveyance System Calculations : Steady Uniform Flow = 2.23
2.6.7 Pumps : Adding Energy to the Flow = 2.26
2.6.8 Sample Application Including Pumps = 2.28
2.6.9 Networks ； Linking Demand and Supply = 2.30
ASI―STEADY FLOW ； SYSTEM OPERATION = 2.30
2.8 UNSTEADY FLOW : INTRODUCTION OF FLUID TRANSIENTS = 2.32
2.8.1 Importance of Waterhammer = 2.32
2.8.2 Cause of Transients = 2.34
2.8.3 Physical Nature of Transient Flow = 2.35
2.8.3.1 Implication 1. Water has a high density = 2.35
2.8.3.2 Implication 2. Water is only slightly compressible = 2.35
2.8.3.3 Implication 3. Local action and control of valves = 2.36
2.8.4 Equation of State ― Wavespeed Relations = 2.37
2.8.5 Increment of Head ― Change Relation = 2.38
2.8.6 Transient Conditions in Valves = 2.39
2.8.6.1 Gate discharge equation = 2.40
2.8.6.2 Alternate valve representation = 2.41
2.8.6.3 Pressure regulating valves = 2.42
2.8.7 Conclusion = 2.42
REFERENCES = 2.42
CHAPTER 3 : SYSTEM DESIGN : AN OVERVIEW
3.1 INTRODUCTION = 3.1
3.1.1 Overview = 3.1
3.1.2 Definitions = 3.2
3.2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING = 3.2
3.2.1 Water Demands = 3.2
3.2.2 Planning and Design Criteria = 3.7
3.2.2.1 Supply = 3.7
3.2.2.2 Storage = 3.7
3.2.2.3 Fire demands = 3.8
3.2.2.4 Distribution system analysis = 3.8
3.2.2.5 Service pressures = 3.8
3.2.3 Peaking Coefficients = 3.9
3.2.4 Computer Models and System Modeling = 3.9
3.2.4.1 History of computer models = 3.10
3.2.4.2 Software packages = 3.10
3.2.4.3 Development of a system model = 3.11
3.3 PIPELINE PRELIMINARY DESIGN = 3.11
3.3.1 Alignment = 3.11
3.3.2 Subsurface Conflicts = 3.13
3.3.3 Rights―of―Way = 3.13
3.4 PIPING MATERIALS = 3.13
3.4.1 Ductile Iron Pipe（DIP） = 3.14
3.4.1.1 Materials = 3.14
3.4.1.2 Available sizes and thicknesses = 3.14
3.4.1.3 Joints = 3.14
3.4.1.4 Gaskets = 3.14
3.4.1.5 Fittings = 3.14
3.4.1.6 Linings = 3.16
3.4.1.7 Coatings = 3.17
3.4.2 Polyvinyl Chloride（PVC） Pipe = 3.18
3.4.2.1 Materials = 3.18
3.4.2.2 Available sizes and thicknesses = 3.19
3.4.2.3 Joints = 3.19
3.4.2.4 Gaskets = 3.20
3.4.2.5 Fittings = 3.20
3.4.2.6 Linings and Coatings = 3.20
3.4.3 Steel Pipe = 3.21
3.4.3.1 Materials = 3.21
3.4.3.2 Available sizes and thicknesses = 3.21
3.4.3.3 Joints = 3.22
3.4.3.4 Gaskets = 3.22
3.4.3.5 Fittings = 3.22
3.4.3.6 Linings and Coatings = 3.23
3.4.4 Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe（RCPP） = 3.25
3.4.4.1 Steel cylinder pipe, AWWA C300 = 3.26
3.4.4.2 Prestressed steel cylinder pipe, AWWA C301 = 3.26
3.4.4.3 Noncylinder pipe, AWWA C302 = 3.28
3.4.4.4 Pretensioned steel cylinder, AWWA C300 = 3.28
3.4.5 High―Density Polyethylene（HDPE） Pipe = 3.29
3.4.5.1 Materials = 3.29
3.4.5.2 Available sizes and thicknesses = 3.30
3.4.5.3 Joints = 3.30
3.4.5.4 Gaskets = 3.31
3.4.5.5 Fittings = 3.31
3.4.5.6 Linings and coatings = 3.31
3.4.6 Asbestos―Cement Pipe（ACP） = 3.31
3.4.6.1 Available sizes and thicknesses = 3.31
3.4.6.2 Joints and fittings = 3.32
3.4.7 Pipe Material Selection = 3.32
3.5 PIPELINE DESIGN = 3.34
3.5.1 Internal Pressures = 3.34
3.5.2 Loads on Buried Pipe = 3.34
3.5.2.1 Earth loads = 3.35
3.5.2.2 Rigid pipe = 3.36
3.5.2.3 Flexible pipe = 3.37
3.5.3 Thrust Restraint = 3.38
3.5.3.1 Thrust blocks = 3.39
3.5.3.2 Restrained joints = 3.41
3.6 DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM VALVES = 3.44
3.6.1 Isolation Valves = 3.44
3.6.1.1 Gate valves = 3.45
3.6.1.2 Butterfly valves = 3.45
3.6.2 Control Valves = 3.46
3.6.2.1 Pressure―reducing valve = 3.46
3.6.2.2 Pressure―sustaining valves = 3.47
3.6.2.3 Flow―control valves = 3.47
3.6.2.4 Altitude valves = 3.47
3.6.2.5 Pressure―relief valves = 3.47
3.6.3 Blow ― offs = 3.47
3.6.4 Air Release and Vacuum―Relief Valves = 3.48
REFERENCES = 3.48
CHAPTER 4 : HYDRAULICS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
4.1 INTRODUCTION = 4.1
4.1.1 Configuration and Components of Water Distribution Systems = 4.1
4.1.2 Conservation Equations for Pipe Systems = 4.3
4.1.3 Network Components = 4.3
4.2 STEADY―STATE HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS = 4.5
4.2.1 Series and Parallel Pipe Systems = 4.5
4.2.2 Branching Pipe Systems = 4.7
4.2.3 Pipe Networks = 4.11
4.2.3.1 Hardy Cross method = 4.11
4.2.3.2 Linear theory method = 4.17
4.2.3.3 Newton―Raphson method and the node equations = 4.18
4.2.3.4 Gradient algorithm = 4.20
4.2.3.5 Comparison of solution methods = 4.22
4.2.3.6 Extended―period simulation = 4.23
4.3 UNSTEADY FLOW IN PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS = 4.24
4.3.1 Governing Equations = 4.24
4.3.2 Solution Methods = 4.25
4.3.2.1 Loop formulation = 4.25
4.3.2.2 Pipe formulation with gradient algorithm = 4.26
4.4 COMPUTER MODELING OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 4.26
4.4.1 Applications of Models = 4.27
4.4.2 Model Calibration = 4.27
REFERENCES = 4.28
CHAPTER 5 : PUMP SYSTEM HYDRAULIC DESIGN
5.1 PUMP TYPES AND DEFINITIONS = 5.1
5.1.1 Pump Standards = 5.1
5.1.2 Pump Definitions and Terminology = 5.2
5.1.3 Types of Centrifugal Pumps = 5.6
5.2 PUMP HYDRAULICS = 5.8
5.2.1 Pump Performance Curves = 5.8
5.2.2 Pipeline Hydraulics and System Curves = 5.8
5.2.2.1 Hazen―Williams equation = 5.8
5.2.2.2 Manning's equation = 5.11
5.2.2.3 Darcy―Weisbach equation = 5.11
5.2.2.4 Comparisons of f, C, and n = 5.12
5.2.3 Hydraulics of Valves = 5.12
5.2.4 Determination of Pump Operating Points―Single Pump = 5.13
5.2.5 Pumps Operating in Parallel = 5.13
5.2.6 Variable―Speed Pumps = 5.13
5.3 CONCEPT OF SPECIFIC SPEED = 5.18
5.3.1 Introduction : Discharge―Specific Speed = 5.18
5.3.2 Suction―Specific Speed = 5.19
5.4 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD = 5.19
5.4.1 Net Positive Suction Head Available = 5.19
5.4.2 Net Positive Suction Head Required by a Pump = 5.20
5.4.3 NPSH Margin or Safety Factor Considerations = 5.22
5.4.4 Cavitation = 5.22
5.5 CORRECTED PUMP CURVES = 5.22
5.6 HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PUMP SELECTION = 5.27
5.6.1 Flow Range of Centrifugal Pumps = 5.27
5.6.2 Causes and Effects of Centrifugal Pumps Operating Outside Allowable Flow Ranges = 5.28
5.6.3 Summary of Pump Selection = 5.28
5.7 APPLICATION OF PUMP HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS TO DESIGN OF PUMPING STATION COMPONENTS = 5.30
5.7.1 Pump Hydraulic Selections and Specifications = 5.30
5.7.1.1 Pump operating ranges = 5.30
5.7.1.2 Specific pump hydraulic operating problems = 5.32
5.7.2 Piping = 5.32
5.7.2.1 Pump suction and discharge piping installation guidelines = 5.33
5.7.2.2 Fluid velocity = 5.33
5.7.2.3 Design of pipe wall thickness（pressure design） = 5.33
5.7.2.4 Design of pipe wall thickness（vacuum conditions） = 5.34
5.7.2.5 Summary of pipe design criteria = 5.35
5.8 IMPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN PUMPING STATION DESIGN = 5.35
5.8.1 Effect of Surge on Valve Selection = 5.35
5.8.2 Effect of Surge on Pipe Material Selection = 5.36
REFERENCES = 5.36
APPENDIX = 5.37
CHAPTER 6 : HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT DESIGN FOR PIPELINE SYSTEMS
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO WATERHAMMER AND SURGING = 6.1
6.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF WATERHAMMER AND SURGE = 6.2
6.2.1 Definitions = 6.2
6.2.2 Acoustic Velocity = 6.2
6.2.3 Joukowsky（Waterhammer） Equation = 6.3
6.3 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES = 6.4
6.3.1 Descriptions of Various Types of Valves = 6.5
6.3.2 Definition of Geometric Characteristics of Valves = 6.6
6.3.3 Definition of Hydraulic Performance of Valves = 6.6
6.3.4 Typical Geometric and Hydraulic Valve Characteristics = 6.8
6.3.5 Valve Operation = 6.9
6.4 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PUMPS = 6.9
6.4.1 Definition of Pump Characteristics = 6.10
6.4.2 Homologous（Affinity） Laws = 6.10
6.4.3 Abnormal Pump（Four―Quadrant） Characteristics = 6.12
6.4.4 Representation of Pump Data for Numerical Analysis = 6.15
6.4.5 Critical Data Required for Hydraulic Analysis of Systems with Pumps = 6.16
6.5 SURGE PROTECTION AND SURGE CONTROL DEVICES = 6.18
6.5.1 Critical Parameters for Transients = 6.18
6.5.2 Critique of Surge Protection = 6.20
6.5.3 Surge Protection Control and Devices = 6.22
6.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS = 6.24
6.7 NEGATIVE PRESSURES AND WATER COLUMN SEPARATION IN NETWORKS = 6.26
6.8 TIME CONSTANTS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS = 6.27
6.9 CASE STUDIES = 6.27
6.9.1 Case Study with One―way and Simple Surge Tanks = 6.27
6.9.2 Case Study with Air chamber = 6.28
6.9.3 Case Study with Air―vacuum Breaker = 6.31
REFERENCES = 6.32
CHAPTER 7 : OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
7.1 OVERVIEW = 7.1
7.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION = 7.1
7.3 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION = 7.3
7.4 OPTIMIZATION METHODS = 7.4
7.4.1 Branched Systems = 7.4
7.4.2 Looped Pipe Systems via Linearization = 7.5
7.4.3 General System Design via Nonlinear Programming = 7.7
7.4.4 Stochastic Search Techniques = 7.8
7.5 APPLICATIONS = 7.9
7.6 SUMMARY = 7.12
REFERENCES = 7.13
CHAPTER 8 : WATER―QUALITY ASPECTS OF CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS
8.1 INTRODUCTION = 8.1
8.2 DISINFECTION OF NEW WATER MAINS = 8.1
8.2.1 Need for Disinfection = 8.2
8.2.2 Disinfection Chemicals = 8.2
8.2.3 Disinfection Procedures = 8.2
8.2.3.1 The tablet method = 8.2
8.2.3.2 The continous feed method = 8.3
8.2.3.3 The slug method = 8.3
8.2.4 Testing New Mains = 8.3
8.2.5 Main Repairs = 8.3
8.2.6 Disposal of Highly Chlorinated Water = 8.3
8.3 DISINFECTION OF STORAGE TANKS = 8.4
8.3.1 Disinfection Procedures for Filling Tanks = 8.4
8.3.1.1 Method 1 = 8.4
8.3.1.2 Method 2 = 8.4
8.3.1.3 Method 3 = 8.5
8.3.2 Underwater Inspection = 8.5
8.4 CROSS―CONNECTION CONTROL = 8.5
8.4.1 Definitions = 8.5
8.4.2 Cross―Connection Control Programs = 8.5
8.4.3 Backflow Prevention = 8.6
8.4.3.1 Air Gap = 8.6
8.4.3.2 Reduced―pressure backflow preventers and double―check valve assemblies = 8.6
8.4.3.3 Atmospheric and pressure vacuum breakers, and barometric loops = 8.6
8.4.3.4 Single and dual check valves = 8.7
8.4.4 Application of Backflow Preventers = 8.7
8.5 FLUSHING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 8.8
8.5.1 Background = 8.8
8.5.2 Flushing Procedures = 8.8
8.5.3 Directional Flushing = 8.9
8.5.4 Alternating of Disinfectants = 8.9
REFERENCES = 8.10
CHAPTER 9 : WATER QUALITY
9.1 INTRODUCTION = 9.1
9.1.1 Overview = 9.1
9.1.2 Definitions = 9.2
9.2 WATER―QUALITY PROCESSES = 9.3
9.2.1 Loss of Disinfectant Residual = 9.3
9.2.1.1 Disinfection methods = 9.4
9.2.1.2 Rates of disinfectant loss = 9.5
9.2.1.3 Mitigation of disinfectant loss = 9.5
9.2.2 Growth of Disinfection By―products = 9.6
9.2.3 Internal Corrosion = 9.6
9.2.3.1 Types of corrosion = 9.7
9.2.3.2 Factors affecting corrosion = 9.7
9.2.3.3 Indicators of corrosion = 9.8
9.2.3.4 Control of corrosion = 9.8
9.2.4 Biofilms = 9.9
9.2.4.1 Origins = 9.9
9.2.4.2 Composition = 9.9
9.2.4.3 Significance = 9.10
9.2.4.4 Treatment and control = 9.10
9.3 WATER―QUALITY MONITORING = 9.11
9.3.1 Routine Monitoring = 9.11
9.3.1.1 Regulatory requirements = 9.11
9.3.1.2 Sampling methods = 9.11
9.3.1.3 Sampling parameters = 9.11
9.3.2 Synoptic Monitoring = 9.11
9.4 WATER―QUALITY MODELING = 9.15
9.4.1 History = 9.16
9.4.2 Governing Equations = 9.16
9.4.2.1 Advective transport in pipes = 9.17
9.4.2.2 Mixing at pipe junctions = 9.17
9.4.2.3 Mixing in storage facilities = 9.17
9.4.2 4 Bulk flow reactions = 9.17
9.4.2.5 Pipe wall reactions = 9.18
9.4.2.6 System of equations = 9.18
9.4.3 Solution Methods = 9.18
9.4.3.1 Steady―state models = 9.18
9.4.3.2 Dynamic models = 9.19
9.4.4 Data Requirements = 9.20
9.4.4.1 Hydraulic data = 9.20
9.4.4.2 Water―quality data = 9.20
9.4.4.3 Reaction―rate data = 9.20
9.4.5 Model Calibration = 9.21
9.4.5.1 Calibration of conservative substances = 9.21
9.4.5.2 Calibration of nonconservative substances = 9.21
9.4.5.3 Uses for hydraulic calibration = 9.21
REFERENCES = 9.21
CHAPTER 10 : HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION STORAGE TANKS
10.1 INTRODUCTION = 10.1
10.2 BASIC CONCEPTS = 10.1
10.2.1 Equalization = 10.2
10.2.2 Pressure Maintenance = 10.2
10.2.3 Fire Storage = 10.2
10.2.4 Emergency Storage = 10.2
10.2.5 Energy Consumption = 10.3
10.2.6 Water Quality = 10.3
10.2.7 Hydraulic Transient Control = 10.3
10.2.8 Aesthetics = 10.4
10.3 DESIGN ISSUES = 10.4
10.3.1 Floating Versus Pumped Storage = 10.4
10.3.2 Ground Versus Elevated Tank = 10.5
10.3.3 Effective Versus Total Storage = 10.6
10.3.4 Private Versus Utility Owned Tanks = 10.6
10.3.5 Pressurized Tanks = 10.6
10.4 LOCATION = 10.7
10.4.1 Clearwell Storage = 10.7
10.4.2 Tanks Downstream of the Demand Center = 10.8
10.4.3 Multiple Tanks in the Pressure Zone = 10.8
10.4.4 Multiple Pressure―Zone Systems = 10.9
10.4.5 Other Siting Considerations = 10.9
10.5 TANK LEVELS = 10.9
10.5.1 Setting Tank Overflow Levels = 10.9
10.5.2 Identifying Tank Service Areas = 10.10
10.5.3 Identifying Pressure Zones = 10.10
10.6 TANK VOLUME = 10.11
10.6.1 Trade―offs in Tank Volume Design = 10.11
10.6.2 Standards―Driven Sizing = 10.12
10.6.3 Functional Design = 10.12
10.6.3.1 Equalization Storage = 10.12
10.6.3.2 Fire Storage = 10.14
10.6.3.3 Emergency Storage = 10.16
10.6.3.4 Combination Equalization, Fire and Emergency Storage = 10.16
10.6.3.5 Summary of Functional Sizing = 10.16
10.6.4 Staging Requirements = 10.16
10.6.5 Useful Dead Storage = 10.17
10.7 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS = 10.18
10.7.1 Altitude Valves = 10.18
10.7.2 Cathodic Protection and Coatings = 10.18
10.7.3 Overflows and Vents = 10.18
REFERENCES = 10.19
CHAPTER 11 : QUALITY OF WATER DM STORAGE
11.1 INTRODUCTION = 11.1
11.1.1 Overview = 11.1
11.1.2 Definitions = 11.2
11.2 WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS = 11.2
11.2.1 Chemical Problems = 11.2
11.2.1.1 Loss of disinfectant residual = 11.2
11.2.1.2 Formation of disinfection by―products = 11.3
11.2.1.3 Development of taste and odor = 11.3
11.2.1.4 Increase in pH = 11.4
11.2.1.5 Corrosion = 11.4
11.2.1.6 Buildup of iron and manganese = 11.4
11.2.1.7 Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide = 11.5
11.2.1.8 Leachate from internal coatings = 11.5
11.2.2 Microbiological Problems = 11.5
11.2.2.1 Bacterial regrowth = 11.5
11.2.2.2 Nitrification = 11.6
11.2.2.3 Worms and Insects = 11.6
11.2.3 Physical Problems = 11.7
11.2.3.1 Sediment buildup = 11.7
11.2.3.2 Entry of contaminants = 11.7
11.2.3.3 Temperature = 11.8
11.3 MIXING AND AGING IN STORAGE FACILITIES = 11.8
11.3.1 Ideal Flow Regimes = 11.8
11.3.2 Jet Mixing = 11.9
11.3.3 Mixing Times = 11.9
11.3.4 Stratification = 11.10
11.3.5 Aging = 11.11
11.4 MONITORING AND SAMPLING = 11.12
11.4.1 Routine Monitoring = 11.12
11.4.1.1 Typical parameters of water quality = 11.13
11.4.1.2 Parameters of nitrification monitoring = 11.13
11.4.1.3 Parameters of sediment monitoring = 11.13
11.4.1.4 Parameters of biofilm monitoring = 11.17
11.4.2 Sampling Methods and Equipment = 11.17
11.4.3 Monitoring Frequency and Location of Samples = 11.18
11.4.4 Special Studies = 11.20
11.4.4.1 Intensive studies of water quality and tracers = 11.20
11.4.4.1 Temperature monitoring = 11.20
11.5 MODELING = 11.22
11.5.1 Scale Models = 11.22
11.5.1.1 Principles of similitude = 11.22
11.5.1.2 Construction of a model = 11.23
11.5.1.3 Types of tracers = 11.24
11.5.1.4 Temperature modeling = 11.25
11.5.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics = 11.25
11.5.2.1 Mathematical formulations of CFD models = 11.26
11.5.2.2 Application of CFD Models = 11.27
11.5.3 Systems Models = 11.28
11.5.3.1 Background = 11.28
11.5.3.2 Elemental systems models = 11.28
11.5.3.3 Compartment models = 11.28
11.5.3.4 Application of systems models = 11.28
11.6 DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES = 11.30
11.6.1 Water―Quality Design Objectives = 11.30
11.6.2 Modes of Operation : Simultaneous Inflow―Outflow Versus Fill and Draw = 11.30
11.6.3 Flow Regimes : Complete Mix Versus Plug Flow = 11.30
11.6.3.1 Effects os flow regime on loss of disinfectant in reservoirs = 11.31
11.6.3.2 Mixed flow = 11.31
11.6.3.3 Plug flow = 11.32
11.6.3.4 Recommendations = 11.33
11.6.4 Stratification in Reservoirs = 11.33
11.7 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE ISSUES = 11.34
11.7.1 Inspections = 11.34
11.7.2 Maintenance = 11.36
REFERENCES = 11.36
CHAPTER 12 : COMPUTER MODELS : EPANET
12.1 INTRODUCTION = 12.1
12.1.1 Need for Computer Models = 12.1
12.1.2 Uses of Computer Models = 12.2
12.1.3 History of Computer Models = 12.2
12.2 USE OF A COMPUTER MODEL = 12.3
12.2.1 Network Representation = 12.3
12.2.1.1 Network components = 12.3
12.2.1.2 Network skeletonization = 12.4
12.2.2 Compilation of Data = 12.4
12.2.2.1 ID labels = 12.5
12.2.2.2 Nodal elevations = 12.5
12.2.2.3 Pipe diameters = 12.5
12.2.2.4 Pipe roughness = 12.6
12.2.2.5 Pump curves = 12.6
12.2.3 Estimation of Demand = 12.6
12.2.4 Operating Characteristics = 12.7
12.2.5 Reaction―Rate Information = 12.7
12.2.6 Model Calibration = 12.8
12.3 COMPUTER MODEL INTERNALS = 12.8
12.3.1 Input Processing = 12.9
12.3.2 Topological Processing = 12.9
12.3.3 Hydraulic Solution Algorithms = 12.9
12.3.4 Linear―Equation Solver = 12.11
12.3.5 Extended―Period Solver = 12.11
12.3.6 Water―Quality Algorithms = 12.12
12.3.7 Output Processing = 12.12
12.4 EPANET PROGRAM = 12.13
12.4.1 Background = 12.13
12.4.2 Program Features = 12.14
12.4.3 User Interface = 12.15
12.4.4 Solver Module = 12.17
12.4.5 Programmer's Toolkit = 12.20
12.5 CONCLUSION = 12.20
REFERENCES = 12.21
CHAPTER 13 : WATER QUALITY MODELING―CASE STUDIES
13.1 INTRODUCTION = 13.1
13.2 DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES = 13.2
13.3 WATER QUALITY IN NETWORKS = 13.3
13.4 HYDRAULIC AND WATER―QUALITY MODELS = 13.4
13.4.1 Steady―State―Water Quality Models = 13.5
13.4.2 Dynamic Water―Quality Models = 13.5
13.5 EARLY APPLICATIONS OF WATER―QUALITY MODELING = 13.6
13.5.1 North Penn Study = 13.6
13.5.1.1 Network modeling = 13.7
13.5.1.2 Variations in water quality data = 13.8
13.5.1.3 Development of dynamic water―quality algoritm = 13.8
13.5.2 South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority = 13.9
13.5.2.1 System modeling = 13.13
13.5.2.2 Design of the field study = 13.13
13.5.2.3 Results from the field study = 13.13
13.5.2.4 Verification study = 13.17
13.5.2.5 Presampling procedures = 13.17
13.5.2.6 Analysis of sampling results = 13.17
13.5.2.7 Modeling of chlorine residual = 13.21
13.5.3 Case Study of Cabool, Missouri = 13.22
13.6 EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY MODELING = 13.22
13.7 MODELING PROPAGATION OF CONTAMINANTS = 13.23
13.7.1 Case Study of the North Marin Water District = 13.24
13.7.1.1 Waterquality study = 13.29
13.7.1.2 Modeling of total trihalomethane formations = 13.30
13.7.1.3 Chlorine demand = 13.34
13.7.1.4 Effect of system demand = 13.34
13.7.2 Complement to the North Marin study = 13.34
13.7.3 Waterborne Outbreak in Gideon, Missouri = 13.36
13.7.3.1 Description of the system = 13.38
13.7.3.2 Identification of the outbreak = 13.39
13.7.3.3 Possible causes = 13.40
13.7.3.4 Evaluation of the System = 13.41
13.7.3.5 Performance of the System = 13.41
13.7.3.6 Propagation of the contaminant = 13.43
13.8 CURRENT TRENDS IN WATER―QUALITY MODELING = 13.44
13.8.1 Study in Cholet, France = 13.44
13.8.2 Case Study in Southington, Connecticut = 13.44
13.8.3 Mixing in Storage Tanks = 13.45
13.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS = 13.45
REFERENCES = 13.46
CHAPTER 14 : CALIBRATION OF HYDRAULIC NETWORK
14.1 INTRODUCTION = 14.1
14.1.1 Network Characterization = 14.1
14.1.2 Network Data Requirements = 14.1
14.1.3 Model Parameters = 14.3
14.2 IDENTIFY THE INTENDED USE OF THE MODEL = 14.3
14.3 DETERMINE ESTIMATES OF THE MODEL PARAMETERS = 14.3
14.3.1 Pipe Roughness Values = 14.4
14.3.1.1 Chart the pipe roughness = 14.4
14.3.1.2 Field test the pipe roughness = 14.6
14.3.2 Distribution of Nodal Demands = 14.9
14.3.2.1 Spatial distribution of demands = 14.10
14.3.2.2 Temporal distribution of demands = 14.12
14.4 COLLECT CALIBRATION DATA = 14.12
14.4.1 Fire―Flow Tests = 14.12
14.4.2 Telemetric Data = 14.13
14.4.3 WaterQuality Data = 14.14
14.5 EVALUATE THE RESULTS OF THE MODEL = 14.14
14.6 PERFORM A MACROLEVEL CALIBRATION OF THE MODEL = 14.15
14.7 PERFORM A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS = 14.16
14.8 PERFORM A MACRO―LEVEL CALIBRATION OF THE MODEL = 14.16
14.8.1 Analytical Approaches = 14.17
14.8.2 Simulation Approaches = 14.17
14.8.3 Optimization Approaches = 14.17
14.9 FUTURE TRENDS = 14.21
14.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION = 14.21
REFERENCES = 14.21
CHAPTER 15 : OPERATION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
15.1 INTRODUCTION = 15.1
15.2 HOW SYSTEMS ARE OPERATED = 15.2
15.2.1 Typical Operating Indexes = 15.2
15.2.2 Operating Criteria = 15.3
15.2.3 Water Quality and Operations = 15.4
15.2.4 Emergency Operations = 15.4
15.3 MONITORING OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE WITH SCADA SYSTEMS = 15.5
15.3.1 Anatomy of a SCADA System = 15.6
15.3.2 Data Archiving = 15.9
15.4 CONTROL OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM = 15.9
15.4.1 Control Strategies = 15.10
15.4.1.1 Supervisory control = 15.10
15.4.1.2 Automatic control = 15.10
15.4.1.3 Advanced control = 15.10
15.4.2 Centralized Versus Local Control = 15.11
15.5 LINKING OF SCADA SYSTEMS WITH ANALYSIS AND CONTROL MODELS = 15.11
15.5.1 Data Requirements of Analysis and Control Models = 15.12
15.5.2 Establishment of the Link = 15.13
15.6 USE OF CENTRAL DATABASES IN SYSTEM CONTROL = 15.15
15.7 WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS = 15.16
REFERENCES = 15.16
CHAPTER 16 : OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR OPERATIONS
16.1 INTRODUCTION = 16.1
16.2 FORMULATIONS FOR MINIMIZING ENERGY COST MINIMIZATION = 16.3
16.2.1 Energy Management = 16.3
16.2.2 Management Strategies = 16.3
16.2.3 Management Models = 16.5
16.2.3.1 Hydraulic network models = 16.5
16.2.3.2 Demand forecast models = 16.7
16.2.3.3 Control models = 16.8
16.2.4 Optimization Models = 16.9
16.2.4.1 Problem formulation = 16.9
16.2.4.2 System classification = 16.10
16.2.5 Summary and Conclusions = 16.14
16.3 FORMULATIONS TO SATISFY WATER QUALITY = 16.16
16.4 SOLUTION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS FOR WATER―QUALITY PURPOSES = 16.19
16.4.1 Mathematical Programming Approach = 16.19
16.4.2 Simulated Annealing Approach = 16.22
16.4.3 Development of Cost Function = 16.24
16.4.4 Sample Application = 16.26
16.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Two Methods = 16.28
16.5 OPTIMAL SCHEDULING OF BOOSTER DISINFECTION = 16.28
16.5.1 Background 1 : Linear Superposition = 16.33
16.5.2 Background 2 : Dynamic Network WaterQuality Models in a Planning Context = 16.34
16.5.3 Optimal Scheduling of Booster―Station Dosages as Linear Pogramming Problem = 16.36
16.5.4 Optimal Location and Scheduling of BoosterStation Dosage as a Mixed―Integer Linear Programming Problem = 16.36
16.5.5 Optimal Location of Booster Stations as a Maximum SetCovering Problem = 16.38
16.5.6 Solution of the Optimization Models = 16.40
16.5.7 Available Software = 16.41
16.5.8 Summary = 16.42
REFERENCES = 16.43
CHAPTER 17 : MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION ； REPLACEMENT
17.1 INTRODUCTION = 17.1
17.1.1 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Problems = 17.1
17.1.1.1 Normal wear = 17.1
17.1.1.2 Corrosion = 17.2
17.1.1.3 Unforeseen loads = 17.2
17.1.1.4 Poor manufacture and installation = 17.2
17.1.2. Preview of the Chapter = 17.2
17.2 UNACCOUNTEDFOR WATER = 17.2
17.2.1 Indicators for Unaccounted―for Water = 17.3
17.2.2 Understanding the Causes of Unaccounted―for Water = 17.3
17.2.3 Components of Unaccounted―for Water = 17.5
17.2.3.1 Water main leakage = 17.5
17.2.3.2 Service pipe leakage = 17.7
17.2.3.3 System pressure = 17.7
17.2.3.4 Fire fighting = 17.7
17.2.3.5 Main flushing = 17.8
17.2.3.6 Blowoffs = 17.8
17.2.3.7 Flat rate customers = 17.8
17.2.3.8 Authorized unmetered uses = 17.8
17.2.3.9 Meter under registration = 17.8
17.2.3.10 Theft of water = 17.9
17.2.4 Summary = 17.9
17.3 PIPE BREAKS = 17.10
17.3.1 Corrosion = 17.10
17.3.1.1 External soil corrosion = 17.10
17.3.1.2 Internal corrosion = 17.11
17.3.1.3 Stray current corrosion = 17.11
17.3.1.4 Bimetallic connections = 17.11
17.3.2 External Loads = 17.11
17.3.3 Poor Tapping = 17.13
17.3.4 PressureRelated Breaks = 17.13
17.3.5 Repair Versus Replacement = 17.14
17.4 HYDRAULIC CARRYING CAPACITY = 17.16
17.4.1 Diagnosis of Pressure Problems = 17.16
17.4.1.1 Pressure gauges = 17.16
17.4.1.2 Hydraulic modeling = 17.16
17.4.2 Correction of Pressure Problems = 17.17
17.4.2.1 Closed isolating valves = 17.17
17.4.2.2 Elevation and pressure zone issues = 17.18
17.4.2.3 Carrying capacity = 17.18
17.4.2.4 Inadequate capacity = 17.19
17.4.3 Pipe Rehabilitation Technology = 17.20
17.4.4 Evaluation of Pipe Rehabilitation = 17.21
17.5 MAINTENANCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS = 17.21
17.5.1 System Mapping = 17.22
17.5.2 System Database = 17.22
17.5.3 Geographic Information Systems = 17.22
17.5.4 Maintenance Management Systems = 17.23
17.5.5 SCADA Systems = 17.23
REFERENCES = 17.24
CHAPTER 18 : RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR DESIGN
18.1 FAILURE MODES FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 18.1
18.1.1 Need and Justification = 18.1
18.1.2 Definitions of Distribution System Repairs = 18.3
18.1.3 Failure Modes = 18.4
18.1.3.1 Performance failure = 18.4
18.1.3.2 Component（mechanical） failure = 18.5
18.1.4 Reliability : Indexes and Approaches = 18.5
18.2 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PROVIDING RELIABILITY = 18.6
18.2.1 Improving the Reliability of Water Distribution Systems = 18.6
18.2.1.1 Piping materials = 18.6
18.2.1.2 Construction methods = 18.7
18.2.1.3 Pipe sizing = 18.7
18.2.1.4 Looped water distribution system = 18.7
18.2.1.5 Emergency Storage = 18.8
18.2.1.6 Backup pumping and control valves = 18.8
18.2.1.7 Standby power = 18.8
18.2.1.8 Emergency controls = 18.8
18.2.1.9 Emergency interconnections = 18.9
18.2.1.10 Water distribution system modeling = 18.9
18.2.1.11 Transient analysis = 18.9
18.2.1.12 Operational considerations = 18.9
18.2.1.13 Maintenance considerations = 18.10
18.2.2 Analyzing the Effect of Valving on System Reliability = 18.10
18.2.2.1 Background = 18.10
18.2.2.2 Diagrams of distribution segments = 18.10
18.2.2.3 Loops served from transmission mains = 18.11
18.2.2.4 Emergency interconnections = 18.11
18.2.2.5 Transmission lines connected to old systems = 18.13
18.2.2.6 Typical crossintersections = 18.13
18.2.2.7 Application of segments in valve locations and reliability evaluation = 18.14
18.3 COMPONENT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS = 18.15
18.3.1 Failure Density, Failure Rate, and Mean Time To Failure = 18.15
18.3.2 Availability and Unavailability = 18.19
18.4 REVIEW OF MODELS FORE RELIABILITY OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 18.21
18.4.1 Reliability of a System Failure = 18.21
18.4.2 Failure Modes = 18.22
18.4.3 Approaches to the Assessment of Reliability = 18.25
18.4.4 Models and Techniques for Assessing Network Reliability = 18.29
18.4.4.1 Simulation models = 18.29
18.4.4.2 Analytical approaches = 18.33
18.4.4.3 Heuristic techniques = 18.39
18.4.4.4 Redundancy based measures = 18.39
18.4.5 Overview of Reliability Measures = 18.40
18.4.6 Observations = 18.42
18.5 MEASURE OF LINK IMPORTANCE = 18.43
REFERENCES = 18.49
Index follows chapter = 18

서점명	서명	판매현황	종이책			전자책 구매링크
서점명	서명	판매현황	정가	판매가(할인율)	포인트(포인트몰)	전자책 구매링크
	Water Distribution System Handbook	판매중	390,350원	390,350원 (0%)	11,720포인트 (3%)

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