현대 자본주의사회의 업무 탈기술화와 과잉교육의 역설적 관계에 대한 탐구 = Explaining the Paradox of Deskilling and Overeducation in Modern Capitalistic Society

국문 초록 (Abstract)

자본주의 체제는 자본이 점차 소수에게 집중되는 독점화 과정을 밟고 있다. 자본의 독점화가 상당히 진행된 현대 자본주의사회에서 자본가들은 노동자들을 적은 임금으로 그리고 효율적으로 통제하기 위해서, 다시 말해서 생산과정에서 수행하는 이들의 역할을 하찮은 것으로 만들기 위해서 분업화하고 탈기술화해 왔다. 한편, 국가는 시민들의 교육욕구를 수용함으로써 권력의 정통성을 확보하고 인적자본을 확대시킴으로써 국제경쟁력을 높이기 위해서 교육기회를 끊임없이 확대하였다. 결과적으로 산업이 발달한 사회에서는 독점 자본주의에 의해 탈기술화가 급격히 진행되고 있으며 민주주의 정치체제에 의해 교육확대와 고학력화가 상당히 이루어졌다. 현대사회의 직업구조는 지식기술의 측면에서 볼 때 아래가 매우 넓고 위가 아주 뾰족한 삼각형을 이루고 있으며, 교육인구구조는 고학력자가 매우 많고 저학력자가 아주 적어 위가 넓고 아래가 좁은 역삼각형을 이루고 있다. 따라서 국가는 삼각형의 직업구조에 역삼각형의 교육인구구조를 맞추어야 하는 불가능한 과제를 안고 있으며, 개인들은 고학력 실업반실업잠재실업에서 벗어날 수 없다. 교육학자들은 교육받은 사람들이 노동시장과 생산과정에서 소외됨으로써 자신들이 받은 교육의 가치에 대해서 회의하고 있는 현실임을 직시하고 사회구조적 측면과 개인적 측면을 고려하여 교육을 재개념화해야 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The capitalistic society has gone through the process of monopolization in which the capital is centralized upon the few. Under the monopolization of capital in the modern capitalistic society, employers have divided and deskilled the labor to trivialize the workers' skill and so efficiently control their labor with less wage. The State, in the meanwhile, has expanded the educational opportunity to ensure the political legitimacy by positively responding to the educational desire of citizens and to strengthen the competitive power of nation by accumulating the human capital. In consequence, in modern industrial societies, the monopolistic capitalism has accelerated the deskilling and the democratic political system has brought about the explosive educational expansion and unmanageable overeducation. Accordingly, it has produced the occupational structure which is shaped like a triangle, the structure that consists of an enormous number of low or no-skill workers and an extremely small number of high-tech workers. The structure of education population, however, is just the opposite. It is shaped like a upside down triangle in which the highly educated are explosive. This paradoxical situation gives us an unsolvable task to match the inverted triangle(the structure of education population) and the triangle(the occupational structure). It is inevitable for so many highly educated people to be unemployed, subemployed, and latent unempolyed. In this situation, I strongly urge that we face and penetrate the reality of modern monopolistic capitalism that the educated people are skeptical of the value of education by being alienated from the labor market and the process of production. I also argue that we should re-conceptualize the ‘education’ for emancipating human beings.

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