미국 내 한국 여성의 성 착취 목적의 인신매매와 밀입국: 뉴욕시와 뉴저지 지역 사례 연구 = Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and Smuggling of Korean Women in the United States: A Case Study in New York Metropolitan and New Jersey

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구의 목적은 미국 내 한국 여성의 성 착취 목적의 인신매매와 밀입국에 대한 실증 조사연구를 실시하고 이를 바탕으로 정책적 제언을 하는 것이다. 이 연구조사를 위해서 미국내 한인 성매매 여성, 성 구매 남성, 여성인권 NGO 직원 및 현지 경찰, 학계 전문가 등을 대상으로 뉴욕시와 뉴저지 지역에서 면접조사를 실시하였다. 이 연구의 결과, 첫째, 일반 성매매 여성의 평균 연령(32.4세)은 인신매매 관련 피해여성의 평균 연령(36.6세)보다 낮게 나타났으며, 80% 이상의 여성이 전문대학교 이상을 졸업하고, 70% 이상이 한국 국적을 소지하고 있었다. 둘째, 성매매 여성의 일부는 한국에서의 빚을 갚기 위해 입국비용까지도 빚을 내어 미국으로 입국한 경우도 있었으며, 학생신분의 비자(F-1)를 발급받아서 유흥업소에 종사 하면서 성매매를 하는 경우도 많았다. 셋째, 대체로 친구나 지인에 의한 네트워크와 인터넷 성매매 구인사이트에 의해 성매매 유입이 이루어지고 있었다. 넷째, 성매매 여성은 하루 약 10-11시간 일을 하며, 열악한 업무환경에 처해 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 다섯째, 미국 비자면제프로그램이 시행된 이후 한국 여성의 미국 성산업 유입이 더욱 용이해지고 있었다. 마지 막으로 미국 내 한인 여성의 성 착취 목적의 인신매매 감소를 위한 정책적 제언과 이 연구의 한계에 대해서 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to conduct an empirical research on the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States and to provide a policy implication based on the findings. The current study was conducted using methods of interview investigation with Korean prostitute, Korean Men who payed sex, staffs of Women Rights NGO and police officers, and academia professionals in New York City Metropolitan and New Jersey. The findings show that: 1) the average age of prostitute was 31.4 years old and the average age of sexual exploitation of Women was 36.6 years old; over 80% of prostitute finished a college level education; over 70% of prostitute have a Korean citizen; 2) some prostitute came to the United States for paying their debt; the numbers of prostitute hold a student visa (F-1) status in order to work in the Sex Industry in the United States; 3) majority of prostitute was recruited by friends and/or acquaintance and by online advertising for recruiting the sex worker;
4) the average duty hours of prostitute was 10-11 hours and they was under a poor work environment; 5) Visa Waiver Program have facilitated the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States. Lastly, the study concluded with a discussion of the implications for reducing the human trafficking for sexual exploitation and smuggling of Korean Women in the United States and a discussion of limitations of the current research.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 이론적 논의
• Ⅲ. 연구방법
• Ⅳ. 연구결과
• Ⅴ. 결론

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 한경구, "해외 각 국의 이민정책 추진체계 연구" 법무부 2012

2 정재원, "한국형 성 산업과 성매매 문화의 국제적 팽창: 해외 성 구매 실태를 중심으로" 서울대학교 2011

3 최수경, "한국인의 미국 이민 100년사: 평가와 전망" 사회과학연구소 22 (22): 151-168, 2011

4 성용은, "체미(滯美) 한인 여성의 성 착취 목적 인신매매와 밀입국에 대한 조사방법 연구" 한국민간경비학회 12 (12): 49-82, 2013

5 김기태, "은밀한 호황 : 불 꺼지지 않는 산업, 대한민국 성매매 보고서" 이후 2012

6 김은경, "성착취 목적의 인신매매 현황과 법적 대응방안" 한국형사정책연구원 2002

7 장준오, "성적 착취를 위한 국제인신매매 : 미국과 한국을 중심으로 한예비연구" 한국형사정책연구원 2009

8 매일노동뉴스, "성매매를 권하는 체제를 고발한다"

9 서울대학교 여성연구소, "성매매 실태 조사 보고서" 여성가족부 2010

10 윤덕경, "성 착취적 국제 인신매매 피해 관련 법·제도 및 대책방안" 여성가족부 2014

11 "미국 '원정 성매매' 업소 덜미…한미 합동단속반에 적발"

12 장준오, "국제인신매매 현황, 문제점 및 대책 : 한국과 러시아와 독립국가연합(CIS)을 중심으로" 한국형사정책연구원 2011

13 Farrell, Amy, "Where are all the victims? Understanding the determinants of official identification of human trafficking incidents" 9 : 201-231, 2010

14 Logan, T. K., "Understanding human trafficking in the United States" 10 : 3-30, 2009

15 Flynn, Catherine, "Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation: Building Australian Knowledge" International Social Work 2012

16 Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report" U.S. Department of State 2014

17 Kempadoo, Kamala, "Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered:New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work, and Human Rights" vii-xxxiv, 2005

18 Surtees, Rebecca., "Traffickers and trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe" 5 : 39-68, 2008

19 Olsen, Harald H., "The snake from Fujian Province to Morecambe Bay: An analysis of the problem of human trafficking in sweated labour" 16 : 1-37, 2008

20 Agustin, Laura., "The disappearing of a migration category: Migrants who sell sex" 32 : 29-47, 2006

21 Choo, Kyungseok, "The Police Crackdown in Red Light Districts in South Korea and the Crime Displacement Effect after the 2004Act on the Punishment of Intermediating in the Sex Trade" 8 (8): 79-96, 2011

22 Newman, Graeme R., "The Exploitation of Trafficked Women" U.S. Department of Justice 2006

23 Hughes, Donna., "The "Natasha" trade: The transnational shadow market of trafficking in women" 53 : 635-651, 2000

24 Zhang, Sheldon X., "Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings : All Roads Lead to America" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc 2007

25 성용은, "Smuggling and Sex Trafficking of Korean Women into the United States: Review of Case Studies and Its Implication" 한국치안행정학회 9 (9): 183-206, 2012

26 Chin, Ko-lin., "Smuggled Chinese : Clandestine Immigration to the United States" Temple University Press 1999

27 Troshynski, Emily I., "Sex trafficking: An exploratory study interviewing traffickers" 11 : 30-41, 2008

28 Schauer, Edward J., "Sex trafficking into the United States:A literature review" 31 : 146-169, 2006

29 Raymond, Janice G., "Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States" The National Institute of Justice 2001

30 Zhang, Sheldon X., "Sex Trafficking in a Border Community: A Field Study of Sex Trafficking in Tijuana, Mexico" The National Institute of Justice 2010

31 Brown, Louise., "Sex Slaves : The Trafficking of Women in Asia" Virago 2000

32 Hughes, Donna M., "Modern-Day comfort women" 13 : 901-922, 2007

33 Choo, Kyungseok, "Methodological and ethical challenges to conducting human trafficking studies: A case study of Korean trafficking and smuggling for sexual exploitation to the United State" 20 : 167-185, 2010

34 Kaizen, Julie, "Irregular migration in Belgium and organized crime: An overview" 45 : 121-146, 2007

35 Winterdyk, John, "Introduction to special issue human trafficking:Issues and perspectives" 7 : 5-10, 2010

36 Goodey, Jo., "Human trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses" 8 : 421-442, 2008

37 Lee, June JH., "Human trafficking in East Asia: Current trends, data collection, and knowledge gaps" 43 : 165-201, 2005

38 United States Government Accountability Office, "Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Anti-trafficking Efforts Abroad"

39 Jang, Joon Oh, "Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Korean Women for Sexual Exploitation to the United States: A Critical Analysis of Transnational Displacement and Anti‐trafficking Measures" Korean Institute of Criminology 2009

40 Lee, Maggy, "Human Trafficking" Willan Publishing 1-25, 2007

41 Heil, Erin, "Hot spot trafficking: a theoretical discussion of the potential problems associated with targeted policing and the eradication of sex trafficking in the United States" 17 (17): 421-433, 2014

42 Chin, Ko-lin, "Going Down to the Sea" New York University Press 2011

43 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC), "Global Report on Trafficking in Person 2012" United Nations 2012

44 Spener, David, "Global Human Smuggling" Johns Hopkins University Press 129-165, 2001

45 Choi, Zihn., "Early Korean immigrants to America: Their role in the establishment of the Republic of Korea" 14 : 43-71, 2002

46 Cwikel, Julie, "Contentious issues in research on trafficked women working in the sex industry: Study design, ethics, and methodology" 42 : 306-316, 2005

47 Office of Justice Programs., "Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents, 2008-2010" U. S. Department of Justice 2011

48 Zhang, Sheldon X., "Beyond the 'Natasha' story – a review and critique of current research on sex trafficking" 10 : 178-195, 2009