The interpretation of quantum mechanics

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xi
• HOW TO READ THIS BOOK = xv
• 1. Elementary Quantum Mechanics = 3
• The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics = 4
• 1. The Mechanics of Waves, Matrices, and Quanta = 4
• Mathematical Formalism = 16
• 2. Quantum Mechanics in a Hilbert Space = 16
• 3. The Spectral Theorem = 24
• Feynman Histories = 31
• 4. Feynman's Formulation of Quantum Dynamics = 31
• Probabilities and States = 35
• 5. Quantum Probabilities = 35
• 6. The Density Operator = 38
• 7. Dynamics = 41
• 8. How to Describe a Complex System = 44
• Reference Frames = 46
• 9. How to Construct the Physical Hilbert Space = 46
• 10. Relativistic Invariance = 51
• Appendix: The Uncertainty Relation for Energy = 56
• Problems = 58
• 2. The Problems of Measurement Theory = 60
• Experimental Devices = 60
• 1. What Is a Measurement? = 60
• 2. Some Examples of Measurements = 62
• 3. The Stern-Gerlach Experiment = 68
• Elementary Measurement Theory = 72
• 4. Von Neumann's Formal Theory of Measurements = 72
• 5. The Problem of Macroscopic Interferences = 77
• The Copenhagen Interpretation = 81
• 6. The Prescriptions of Measurement Theory = 81
• 7. The Copenhagen Epistemology = 85
• 8. Schr$$\ddot o$$dinger's Cat and Wigner's Friend = 91
• What an Interpretation Should Be = 92
• 9. Why Does Physics Need an Interpretation? = 93
• 10. The Criteria of an Interpretation. Consistency and Completeness = 98
• Problems = 100
• Interlude = 103
• Five Ideas for Constructing a Consistent Interpretation. Properties, Histories, Logic, Classical Approximations, and Decoherence = 103
• 3. Foundations and Properties = 110
• The Basic Principles = 111
• 1. The Mathematical Framework = 111
• 2. Dynamics = 113
• The Properties of a System = 114
• 3. Properties = 114
• 4. Probabilities and States = 117
• 5. Gleason's Theorem = 119
• 6. Taking Time into Account = 120
• Appendix: Gleason's Theorem = 121
• 4. Histories = 122
• The Notion of History = 123
• 1. Experiments and Histories = 123
• 2. Definition of Histories = 125
• The Probabilities of Histories = 126
• 3. Logical Criteria for the Probabilities = 126
• 4. Connection with Feynman Histories = 130
• Consistency Conditions = 132
• 5. The Consistency Conditions for Additive Probabilities = 132
• Appendix A: General Form of the Consistency Conditions = 137
• Appendix B: The Uniqueness of Probabilities = 140
• Problems = 143
• 5. The Logical Framework of Quantum Mechanics = 144
• About Logic = 144
• 1. Why Does One Need Logic? = 144
• 2. What Is Logic? = 148
• Quantum Logic = 154
• 3. Defining a Quantum Logic = 155
• 4. The Complementarity "Principle" = 159
• A Foundation for Interpretation = 162
• 5. The Universal Rule of Interpretation = 162
• Applications = 165
• 6. Interferences = 165
• 7. The Straight-Line Motion of a Particle = 171
• 8. Decays = 176
• 9. Approximations in Logic = 179
• Appendix A: Formal Logic = 183
• Appendix B: Formal Logic and Consistency = 186
• Appendix C: The No-Contradiction Theorem = 188
• Appendix D: Logic and Time Reversal = 193
• Problems = 198
• 6. Recovering Classical Physics = 201
• Objects = 204
• 1. Orientation = 204
• 2. Quantum Mechanics of Collective Observables = 207
• 3. Classical Variables = 208
• Classical Properties = 213
• 4. A Return to Classical Logic = 213
• 5. The Quantum Form of a Classical Property = 216
• 6. The Construction of Quasi-Projectors = 226
• Dynamics = 227
• 7. The Dynamical Correspondence = 227
• Justifying Common Sense = 234
• 8. Recovering Common Sense = 234
• Appendix A: Elements of Microlocal Analysis = 238
• Appendix B: Semiclassical Theorems = 248
• Appendix C: Consistency of Classical Logic = 259
• Appendix D: A Criterion for the Existence of Collective Observables = 261
• Problems = 262
• 7. Decoherence = 268
• Orientation = 270
• 1. An Intuitive Approach = 273
• Solvable Models = 279
• 2. A Simple Model = 279
• 3. Another Example: The Pendulum = 282
• More General Models = 291
• 4. The General Theory = 291
• 5. Decoherence by the External Environment = 297
• 6. Back to Schr$$\ddot o$$dinger's Cat = 303
• Can One Circumvent Decoherence? = 304
• 7. A Criticism of Decoherence = 304
• 8. One Cannot Circumvent Decoherence = 307
• 9. Justifying the Assumptions = 309
• 10. The Direction of Time = 315
• Appendix: Decoherence from an External Environment = 319
• Problem = 322
• 8. Measurement Theory = 324
• 1. Reality and Theory. Facts and Phenomena = 324
• 2. An Introduction to Measurement Theory = 325
• Measurement of a Single Observable = 328
• 3. What Is a Measurement? = 329
• 4. The Main Theorems = 334
• Wave Function Reduction = 337
• 5. Two Successive Measurements = 337
• Actual Facts = 341
• 6. Actual Facts and the Present Time = 342
• 7. Everett's Answer = 345
• 8. A Law of Physics Different from All Others = 350
• The Notion of Truth = 353
• 9. The Criteria of Truth = 353
• 10. Up to What Point Can One Know the State? = 359
• 11. Explicit States = 364
• Appendix A: The Theorems of Measurement Theory = 369
• Appendix B: The Density Operator and Information Theory = 375
• 9. Questioning Quantum Mechanics = 378
• The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment = 378
• 1. The Background = 380
• 2. Analyzing the EPR Experiment = 383
• 3. Bohm's Version of the EPR Experiment = 387
• 4. Truth and Reliability in the EPR Experiment = 391
• 5. The Relativistic Case = 397
• 6. Separability = 398
• Hidden Variables = 400
• 7. Hidden Variable Theories = 400
• 8. Bell's Inequalities = 403
• Problem = 407
• 10. Nonclassical Macroscopic Systems = 409
• Nonclassical Superconductors = 410
• 1. Superconductors = 410
• 2. The Aharonov-Bohm Effect = 418
• 3. The Basis of Leggett's Experiments = 423
• Chaotic Systems = 426
• 4. Classical and Quantum Statistics of Chaotic Systems = 426
• 11. Experiments = 433
• Experiments Showing Histories = 434
• 1. The Decay of a Particle = 434
• 2. Repeated Measurements = 436
• 3. The Zeno Effect = 438
• 4. Observing a Unique Atom = 443
• Interferences = 448
• 5. The Badurek-Rauch-Tuppinger Experiment = 448
• 6. Delayed-Choice Experiments = 456
• Leggett's Experiments = 463
• 7. The Experiments with SQUIDs = 463
• 12. Summary and Outlook = 467
• The Rules of Interpretation = 467
• 1. The Basic Principles = 467
• 2. Properties = 469
• 3. The Logical Framework = 471
• 4. The Foundations of Classical Physics = 476
• 5. Classical Logic = 482
• 6. Decoherence = 484
• 7. Can One Circumvent Decoherence? = 486
• 8. The Theory of Phenomena = 488
• 9. Measurement Theory = 489
• 10. Actual Facts = 492
• 11. Truth Criteria = 494
• 12. The State of a System = 497
• 13. The Relation with Bohr's Interpretation = 498
• 14. Gell-Mann and Hartle's Approach = 502
• 15. Perspectives = 503
• Philosophical Aspects = 506
• 16. Twenty Theses = 506
• 17. Is the Theory Objective? = 509
• 18. Is the Theory Realistic? = 512
• 19. About the Foundations of Science = 516
• 20. Total Realism = 527
• NOTES = 533
• INDEX = 545