The Encyclopedia of higher education

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Honorary Editorial Advisory Board = xix
• Editorial Board = xxi
• Preface / B. R. CLARK ; G. R. NEAVE = xxiii
• Acknowledgments = xxix
• Volume 1 NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• Introduction / J. J. BRUNNER ; J-L. GARCIA-GARRIDO = 3
• Afghanistan / M. MCLEAN = 7
• Albania / N. KONOMI = 9
• Algeria / A. DJEFLAT = 12
• Angola / E. L. PIRES = 17
• Argentina / J. BALAN = 19
• Australia / D.SMART = 29
• Austria / K. H. GRUBER = 42
• Bahrain / J. E. AL-ARRAYED = 51
• Bangladesh / M. AHMAD = 54
• Barbados / A. LAYNE = 59
• Belgium / M. WOITRIN = 61
• Benin / J. AKOHA = 71
• Bolivia / M. I. P$$\acute E$$REZ DE CASTANOS = 74
• Botswana / M. MAROPE = 78
• Brazil / S. SCHWARTZMAN = 82
• Brunei / F. COULTER = 92
• Bulgaria / B. PENKOV = 95
• Burkina Faso / K. POTEMANS = 99
• Burundi / C. KEYES = 103
• Cameroon / E. KANGE = 107
• Canada / C. WATSON = 109
• Central African Republic / M. F. MBRINGA-TAKAMA = 125
• Chad / R. COWEN = 127
• Chile / E. SCHIEFELBEIN = 130
• China, People's Republic of / WANG YONGQUAN = 137
• Colombia / B. ALVAREZ ; A. ALVAREZ = 151
• Congo / M. VANSTEENKISTE ; G. NEAVE = 158
• Costa Rica / A. FISCHRL = 161
• Cuba / E. MARTIN SABINA ; Y. F. FERN$$\acute A$$NDEZ = 164
• Cyprus / P. PERSIANIS = 168
• Czechoslovakia / V. MOKO$$\check S$$$$\acute I$$N = 171
• Denmark / J. CONRAD = 179
• Dominican Republic / R. SILI$$\acute E$$ = 186
• Ecuador / L. PACHECO PRADO = 189
• Egypt / W. A. BOULOS = 193
• El Salvador / V. M. VALLE = 198
• Ethiopia / T. AYANO = 201
• Finland / M. T. KUIKKA = 209
• France / C. DURAND-PRINBORGNE = 217
• Gabon / J. OBONE = 225
• Gambia / R. L. SMITH = 230
• German Democratic Republic / H. M$$\ddot O$$HLE = 231
• Germany, Federal Republic of / B. KEHM and U. TEICHLER = 240
• Ghana / R. F. AMONOO = 260
• Greece / M. E.LIOU = 265
• Guatemala / C. G. ORELLANA = 275
• Guinea / A. G. DIALLO = 277
• Guyana / M. K. BACCHUS = 278
• Haiti / S. MANIGAT = 283
• Honduras / I. ACOSTA DE FORTIN = 286
• Hong Kong / M. BRAY = 288
• Hungary / I. V$$\acute E$$GV$$\acute A$$RI = 291
• Iceland / B. JOSEPSSON ; B. A. SIZEMORE = 301
• India / S. C. BEHAR = 304
• Indonesia / C. W. WATSON = 321
• Iran / P. SHAMSAVARY = 326
• Iraq / N. Y. ALNAWWAB = 332
• Ireland / S. O'BUACHALLA = 334
• Israel / Y. IRAM = 343
• Italy / A. MARTINELLI = 355
• Ivory Coast, The / B. TIO-TOURE = 369
• Jamaica / J. HALLIWELL = 373
• Japan / T. KOBAYASHI = 377
• Jordan / G. NEAVE ; A. VELLOSO = 387
• Kenya / K. MWIRIA ; R. HUGHES = 391
• Korea / JOON HEE PARK = 397
• Kuwait / G. NEAVE ; A. VELLOSO = 405
• Laos / S. SPAULDING = 409
• Lebanon / A. A. SIDAWI = 413
• Lesotho / E. M. SEBATANE = 417
• Liberia / B. B. AZANGO = 420
• Libya / A. R. BUBTANA ; M. SARAKBI = 428
• Luxembourg / G. WIRTGEN = 437
• Madagascar / F. RAJAOSON = 441
• Malawi / A. NAZOMBE = 443
• Malaysia / V. SELVARATNAM = 446
• Mali / Y. DIAKITE = 452
• Malta / K. WAIN = 454
• Mauritania / M. HERLANT = 457
• Mauritius / R. RAMDOYAL = 460
• Mexico / M. DE IBARROLA = 462
• Mongolia / S. SPAULDING = 473
• Morocco / M. SALAHDINE = 479
• Mozambique / E. L. PIRES = 482
• Myanmar / M. MCLEAN = 484
• Nepal / C. KEYES = 489
• Netherlands, The / W. FRUHOFF = 491
• New Zealand / R. PEDDIE = 504
• Nicaragua / C. TUNNERMANN BERNHEIM = 510
• Niger / A. SALIFOU = 513
• Nigeria / A. B. FAFUNWA = 514
• Norway / S. VANGSNES ; K. JORDELL = 524
• Oman / S. J. ISMAIL = 535
• Pakistan / G. N. SAQEB = 537
• Panama / M. A. GAND$$\acute A$$SEGUI = 544
• Papua New Guinea / P. S. MURPHY = 547
• Paraguay / V. CABALLERO = 550
• Peru / L. SOBER$$\acute O$$N = 552
• Philippines, The / J. R. CORTES = 561
• Poland / J. SZCZEPA$$\acue N$$SKI = 570
• Portugal / E. L. PIRES = 578
• Puerto Rico / R. L. IRIZARRY = 585
• Qatar / A. A. T. AL-SOBAIE = 591
• Romania / D. CHITORAN = 595
• Rwanda / C. KEYES = 604
• Saudi Arabia / A. A. AL-JALLAL = 609
• Senegal / A. SYLLA = 614
• Sierra Leone / K. KOSO-THOMAS = 619
• Singapore / V. SELVARATNAM = 623
• Somalia / T. MEBRAHTU = 630
• South Africa / H. J. STEYN = 635
• South Pacific, Islands of the / G. CASTON = 641
• Soviet Union / V. N. AFANASSIEV = S43
• Spain / J. L. GARCIA-GARRIDO = 663
• Sri Lanka / A. D. V. DE S. INDRARATNA = 676
• Sudan / M. O. BESHIR = 680
• Swaziland / A. C. SMITH = 684
• Sweden / J-E. LANE = 687
• Switzerland / E. POGLIA ; J-F. D$$\ddotA$$LLENBACH ; E. GARKE = 698
• Syria / A. M. S. HUSSEIN = 707
• Tanzania / T. L. MALIYAMKONO = 715
• Thailand / N. WIRATCHAI = 719
• Togo / R. COWEN = 727
• Trinidad and Tobago / M. JAMES-BRYAN = 730
• Tunisia / G. NEAVE = 739
• Turkey / E. E. TAYLAN ; C. TAYLAN = 742
• Uganda / G. NEAVE = 753
• United Arab Emirates / S. E. ABBAS = 755
• United Kingdom / R. EUSTACE = 760
• United States / V.STADTMAN = 777
• Uruguay / C. FILGUEIRA = 788
• Venezuela / C. GARCIA-GUADILLA = 793
• Vietnam / L. Q. THIEP = 799
• Yemen / V. SELVARATNAM ; O. REGAL = 805
• Yugoslavia / P. D. MANDIC = 811
• Zaire / M. MAGABE = 821
• Zambia / L. H. KALUBA = 825
• Zimbabwe / O. E. MARAVANYIKA = 830
• Volume 2 ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Section I Higher Education and Society
• Introduction / G. WILLIAMS = 841
• Applied Research and Technology Transfer / B. R. WILLIAMS = 853
• Business Contributions to Higher Education / G. WILLIAMS = 863
• Credentialism / D. DAVIS = 871
• Degrees and Other Qualifications; International Equivalence / F. DALICHOW = 877
• Diploma Disease / A. LITTLE = 885
• Economic Development and Higher Education / M. WOODHALL = 889
• Economics of Higher Education / J. MACE = 896
• Equality and Higher Education / O. FULTON = 907
• Forecasting Qualified Manpower Needs / F. CHEN = 917
• Government and Higher Education in Unitary and Federal Political Systems / A. J. HEIDENHEIMER = 924
• Industry and Higher Education / C. BLACKMAN ; N. SEGAL = 934
• Local Communities and Higher Education / J-E. LANE = 946
• National Models of Higher Education: International Transfer / D. R. JONES = 956
• Non-Western Societies and Higher Education / S. SCHWARTZMAN = 969
• Occupational Structures and Higher Education / U. TEICHLER = 975
• Participation of Adults in Higher Education / M. STEPHENS = 992
• Rate-of-Return Studies / G. PSACHAROPOULOS = 999
• Reforms and Higher Education: Implementation / L. CERYCH ; P. SABATIER = 1003
• Schools and Higher Education / P. MORTIMORE = 1014
• Student Mobility (International) / E. G. BARBER = 1020
• Section II The Institutional Fabric of the Higher Education System
• Introduction / R. L. GEIGER = 1031
• Academies: Soviet Union / Y. M. RABKIN = 1049
• Adult and Continuing Higher Education / C. DUKE = 1055
• Agricultural Universities / R. J. BAWDEN = 1061
• Binary Systems of Higher Education / S. DAVIES = 1066
• Business Schools: Europe / R. L. GEIGER ; M. NUGENT = 1071
• Business Schools: United States / L. W. PORTER = 1076
• Community Colleges: United States / A. M. COHEN = 1083
• Developmental Education / M. G. SPANN = 1091
• Distance Education at Postsecondary Level / M. G. MOORE = 1097
• Engineering Education and Institutes of Technology: United States / S. L. GOLDMAN = 1106
• Graduate Education: Comparative Perspectives / P. J. GUMPORT = 1117
• Junior Colleges: Japan / K. KUSAHARA = 1128
• Legal Education / P. S. C. LEWIS = 1132
• Liberal Arts Colleges / A. O. PFNISTER = 1146
• Libraries: Academic / B. B. MORAN = 1156
• Medical Education / W. G. ROTHSTEIN = 1163
• Multicampus Universities / E. C. LEE = 1174
• Nursing Education / M. D. NAYLOR = 1179
• Private Institutions of Higher Education / D. C. LEVY = 1183
• Proprietary Higher Education / W. W. WILMS ; J. P. CUI = 1195
• Religious Vocations (Theological Seminaries) / L. F. GOODCHILD = 1200
• Short-Cycle Higher Education: Europe / D. FURTH = 1217
• Specialized Institutions: Grandes Ecoles / T. SHINN = 1225
• Teacher Education / H.JUDGE = 1229
• Technical and Further Education / L. M. CANTOR = 1240
• Technical Institutes: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe / V. Y. PILIPOVSKI = 1243
• Universities: 1100-1500 / A. B. COBBAN = 1245
• Universities: 1500-1900 / W. FRIJHOFF = 1251
• Universities: Since 1900 / E. SHILS = 1259
• Section III Governance, Administration, and Finance
• Introduction / G. HARMAN = 1279
• Academic Freedom / G. CASTON = 1295
• Accountability / J.SlZER = 1305
• Accreditation / C. ADELMAN = 1313
• Administration: Academic / D. D. DILL = 1318
• Administration: Student Affairs / G. D. KUH = 1329
• Coordination: Anglo-American Systems / N. MARSHALL = 1338
• Coordination: Continental Europe / M. MARTIN ; R. TALPAERT = 1347
• Finance / J. R. HOUGH = 1353
• Financial Aid: Student / M. WOODHALL = 1358
• Financing of Institutions / P. CAZENAVE = 1367
• Governance: Models / G. RHOADES = 1376
• Institutional Autonomy / M. TIGHT = 1384
• Leadership: Deans and Heads of Departments / I. MOSES = 1390
• Leadership: University and College Presidents / M. L. GADE = 1397
• Leadership: University Vice-Chancellors / W. TAYLOR = 1404
• Performance Indicators / M. CAVE ; S. HANNEY = 1411
• Planning: Institutional Level / R. COPE = 1424
• Planning: System Level / C. WATSON = 1429
• Politics of Students and Faculty / P. G. ALTBACH = 1438
• Privatization / D. R.JONES = 1445
• Research Funding / R. S. FRIEDMAN ; R. C. FRIEDMAN = 1453
• Resource Allocation / R. HARROLD = 1464
• Salaries and Salary Determination / W. L. HANSEN = 1476
• Strategic Planning / P. A. M. MAASSEN ; F. A. VAN VUGHT = 1483
• Trustees, Boards of / M. L. GADE = 1494
• Tuition Fees / D. B. JOHNSTONE = 1501
• Volume 3 ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Section IV Faculty and Students: Teaching, Learning, and Research
• Introduction / A. MOREY = 1515
• Academic Labor Markets / J. SCHUSTER = 1537
• Access to Higher Learning / D. KALLEN = 1547
• Curriculum: Graduate / C. F. CONRAD ; S. BOLYARD MILLAR = 1557
• Curriculum: Undergraduate / J. L. RATCLIFF = 1566
• Degrees: Duration, Structures, Credit, and Transfer / B. B.BURN = 1579
• Effects (Long-term) of Higher Education / K. H$$\ddot A$$RNQVIST = 1587
• Faculty and Professional Service / P. H. CROSSON = 1596
• Faculty and Student Interaction / D. WATKINS = 1605
• Faculty Cultures / A. E. AUSTIN = 1614
• Faculty Recruitment, Promotion, and Tenure / M. J. AMEY = 1623
• Faculty Research / C. GELLERT = 1634
• Faculty Rewards and Incentives / K. M. MOORE = 1641
• Faculty Vitality / S. M. CLARK = 1648
• Nontraditional Students: Ethnic Minorities / E. FISK-SKINNER ; T. GAITHER = 1658
• Nontraditionai Students: Third-age and Part-time / T. HORE = 1666
• Professoriate: History and Status / J. L. WAGONER ; S. E. KELLAMS = 1674
• Student Achievement and the Assessment of Institutional Effectiveness / T. W. BANTA = 1686
• Student Attrition and Retention / V. TINTO = 1697
• Student Cultures / J. R. THELIN = 1709
• Student Development / G. D. KUH ; F. K. STAGE = 1719
• Student Learning and Study Strategies / N. ENTWISTLE = 1730
• Student Movements and Associations / P. G. ALTBACH = 1740
• Teaching: University and College / M. J. DUNKIN = 1750
• Section V Disciplinary Perspectives on Higher Education
• Introduction / R. A. BECHER = 1763
• Anthropology / F. G. BAILEY = 1777
• Comparative Education / W. MITTER = 1788
• Economics / K. H$$\ddot U$$FNER = 1797
• Higher Education Studies / O. FULTON = 1810
• History / S. ROTHBLATT = 1821
• Law / I. RICHTER = 1834
• Linguistics and Rhetorical Studies / C. BAZERMAN = 1847
• Literature / P. J. CONRADI = 1852
• Macrosociology / J. WOLTHUIS = 1858
• Microsociology / F. M. HAMMACK ; B. HEYNS = 1871
• Organization Theory / G. RHOADES = 1884
• Philosophy / R. A. BARNETT = 1896
• Policy Analysis / R. PREMFORS = 1907
• Political Economy / A. H. HALSEY = 1916
• Poiitical Science / M. KOGAN = 1926
• Public Administration / F. A. VAN VUGHT = 1932
• Science Studies / A. ELZINGA ; A. JAMISON = 1943
• Social Psychology / N. ENTWISTLE = 1956
• Women's Studies / C. R. STIMPSON = 1965
• Volume 4 ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES AND INDEXES
• Part 1 Humanities
• Introduction / J. SPERNA WEILAND = 1981
• Arts and Art Criticism / J. DE VISSCHER = 1991
• Classics / H. PINKSTER = 1999
• Ethics / M. A. VERKERK = 2005
• History / H. VAN DIJK = 2009
• Linguistics / M. VAN OVERBEKE = 2020
• Literature and Literary Criticism / H. VERDAASDONK = 2030
• Philosophy / J. DE MUL ; J. J. P. H. VAN NISPEN ; A. W. PRINS ; J. SPERNA WEILAND ; D. TIEMERSMA = 2039
• Religion / L. LEERTOUWER = 2049
• Theology / R. HENSEN = 2059
• Part 2 Social Sciences
• Introduction / R. A.SCOTT = 2071
• Anthropology / B.SHORE = 2081
• Economics / D. C. COLANDER = 2100
• Geography / R. F. ABLER = 2111
• Political Science / O. RUIN = 2124
• Psychology / D. E. LEARY = 2136
• Social Psychology / M. R. HEWSTONE = 2150
• Sociology / J. F.SHORT = 2163
• Part 3 Biological Sciences
• Introduction / H. C. MACGREGOR = 2181
• Biochemistry and Molecular Biology / P. N. CAMPBELL = 2185
• Developmental Biology / C. TICKLE = 2199
• Ecology and Environmental Biology / D. HARPER = 2208
• Evolutionary Biology / H. C. MACGREGOR = 2226
• Genetics / G. L. G. MIKLOS = 2231
• Microbiology / J. POSTGATE = 2242
• Neurobiology / E. S. HODGSON = 2255
• Plant Sciences / C. T. BRETT = 2261
• Part 4 Medical Sciences
• Introduction / W. G. ROTHSTEIN = 2273
• Epidemiology / C. G. CHUTE = 2285
• Immunology / E. F. WHEELOCK ; S. COHEN = 2293
• Pathology / M. R. ZIMMERMAN = 2301
• Pharmacology / S. ELLIS = 2309
• Physiology / K. ZIERLER = 2317
• Part 5 Physscal Sciences
• Introduction / C. KRUYTBOSCH = 2329
• Astronomy / P. B. BOYCE = 2333
• Chemistry / G. C. BARRETT = 2342
• Computer Science / F. W. WEINGARTEN = 2350
• Materials Science and Engineering / I. M. BERNSTEIN = 2362
• Mathematics and Statistics / B. L. MADISON = 2372
• Physics / M. A. ROTHMAN = 2388
• Contributors Index = 2399
• Name Index = 2409
• Subject Ind = 2447