Being the most favoured fish by Koreans, distinct fishing techniques, manner of distribution and fishermen culture that related to redlip croaker have been developed around Seohae (West Sea of Korea) area. As an anthropological study on redlip croaker...
Being the most favoured fish by Koreans, distinct fishing techniques, manner of distribution and fishermen culture that related to redlip croaker have been developed around Seohae (West Sea of Korea) area. As an anthropological study on redlip croaker fishery and fishermen culture of Seohae, this dissertation deals with the theme from following two perspectives.
First, this thesis investigates how the ethnic custom of Joseon, wherein redlip croaker was favoured as a ritual material as well as an everyday eatery, has been orienting fishing technique, manner of distribution and the ritual of fishermen in the 18-20th Century. It is correspondent with the first theoretical project of this thesis, which classifies local and national phenomenon respectively and at the same time, demonstrates how to interact both phenomena by elucidating the levels of 'culture' being shared.
The research attempts to understand various cases from each regions as local particularity that results from national and ethnic universality of 'Mass-consumed Fish Phenomenon‘. Diverse folk phenomena from different regions are revealed according to ecological, geographical and social conditions of each region, which are based on the ethnic and national custom to favour redlip croaker. In this sense, one shall be able to identify various local fisheries and their cultures of Seohae, made upon the ethnic favour and desire to redlip croaker, as 'Redlip Croaker Culture Area' or 'Redlip Croaker Culture Complex'.
The technical features of Seohae fisheries was the use of a large fishing boat, enabling massive harvests of seasonal-migrating redlip croaker. Traditional fishermen of Seohae made groups of dozens, brought big fish nets and anchors onto their large fishing boat. They used to sail a long-range chasing after specific species coming in certain fishing periods. Mangseon(網船) and Jungseon(中船) were the representative bulk fishing techniques, that numerous groups of fishermen sailed to the offshore to catch herring and redlip croaker in winter and spring, as observed in fieldwork and documents. Similar to Jungseon, Jumokmang(柱木網) was a technique using fixed shore net. However, it clearly showed the regional particularity of Seohae fishery; a travelling fishery using a large fishing boat in the purpose of mass catch of herring and redlip croaker.
In accordance with the development of large boat fishery, unique systems and customs for national distribution of redlip croaker were invented: seas-borne sale between fishing boats and small merchant ships as well as the sales on credit with 'Gaekju', who were long-distance buyers nationwide. The development of large boat fishery and offshore fishery in the late Joseon dynasty, inherently demanded the advancement of merchant ships, which enables quick delivery of fishes from offshore fishing banks to inland consumers. At the main fishing season, fishing vessels nationwide, used as merchant ships and fishing ships, gathered to main fisheries which created the unique scenery of 'Pasi(Market on Wave)' in Seohae. Redlip croaker that transported by merchant ships were handed over to Gaekju on land. Gaekju were distinct from inland ‘Eosang (Fish Merchant)', for their using of credit to distribute the cargoes of people outside the region to inland merchants. Redlip croakers were nationally distributed upon these theree interdependent axis: fishermen, Gaekju and merchant ships.
Meanwhile, fishermen who were engaged in travelling offshore fishery and dealers on merchant vessels had their own unique notion and world view on the sea. During Joseon dynasty, Seohae was divided into several different waters, represented by their own deities such as dragon (snake), Jungseonang, Guan Yu, General Choi Yeong and General Yim Gyeong Eop. Such division of the sea was not a mere geographic compartmentation. It implies its close relation to the local transmission of historical event. In spite of the presence of representative local deities, there existed an universal symbolic figure covering all the waters: the flag of 'Sang (上)' character (Sangjagi), a ritual item. Sangjagi is an important icon which demonstrates that the sea was under the control of Joseon dynasty despite its being ruled divided. According to the examples of symbolic flags for fishermen rituals, fishermen had a multi-layered world view: from the Joseon sea to the regional sea then to the vessel. And this sort of symbolic icons were shared amongst the nation and the people while possessed in different ways respectively.
Next, this research aims to demonstrate that such custom enabled fishing techniques, fish markets and fishermen culture of Joseon to maintain their autonomous identity to some extend, in spite of the determination of Japanese colonial government to annex Joseon politics and economy. This is correspondent with the second theoretical project of this dissertation, that 'culture' and custom can be regarded as a independent layer which influences human behaviors. In brief, the ethnic custom to favour particular fish including redlip croaker in the late Joseon was a institutional·cultural·historical product of the premodern centralism as well as an 'independent level' that displays the process of confucianism expansion, which had been maintained until mid-20th Century.
In the early Joseon that lacked developed market system, network of fishing industry and distribution were existed nationwide only for royal ceremonies and tax contribution. For royal ceremonies, hundreds and thousands of fishes from thousands kilometers away were conveyed to Seoul and consumed. From the early Joseon, herring, cod (later pollack) and redlip croaker had been most supplied to the royal court. This early foundation of contribution system standardized the sort of ritual objects by supplying particular fishes to the court, the nobles and officials and eventually domesticated their tastes. Such fishery economy of early Joseon period based on the tax contribution could be named as 'Ritual Economics', in comparison to 'Grant Economics'.
With the development of market economy in the late Joseon, most part of tribute economy had transformed and adopted the network of market economy rather than practising direct tribute. However, marine products had fundamentally different nature from the 'merchandise' of capitalist perspective. The ideological aspect of tribute economy was still maintained since it had been the foundation of state order and official system for Joseon. In the sense that popular species such as redlip croaker, cod, herring and pollack among the various kinds of tribute of early Joseon were still used as ritual items in the late Joseon regardless of area and class, late Joseon society can be said to orient itself toward the idea of general culture instead of classification of lower and upper, in terms of ritual. Preference for popular fishes, which means the national standardization (and hierarchial equalization) of ritual objects, was closely connected to the spread of confucian ideology as the social identity: the conversion to Yangban society. This connection of custom preferring popular fishes in late Joseon with the social identity indicates the independent cultural level which is differentiated from economic, politic and social (systematic) levels.
This research also examines the interrelation between preference for redlip croaker as popular fish and fishing techniques, sales practice and fishermen culture. Further, that interrelation demonstrates the possibility of ritual demand would direct the way of fishery and its culture as an independent layer, as well as playing its own role as the independent layer. Joseon and Japan had developed different fishing techniques according to their own favorite fishes respectively. Whilst fishermen of Joseon have developed the skill to harvest a big haul of popular species, Japanese counterpart were keen on catching high-ranking fishes. Under the Japanese colonization, Seohae of Korean peninsula was a space where two different system and two different cultures preferring each different species were colliding with each other.
The difference between the favorite fishes of two countries were coming from the difference of demands for food culture and rite culture. This difference of demands made it difficult to combine the fish markets of Joseon and Japan which separated the production and distribution scheme of fishes in Seohae region. Under the colonization, seas were part of huge market economy that the Empire of Japan have won: therein the fishes favoured by Japanese people were caught and distributed whilst fishery of Joseon, which had been based on the traditional demand, was developing upon the introduction of new techniques. Then, on the hidden side of this dual economic structure under colonization was the ethnic custom of Joseon people preferring popular fishes.
This dissertation aims to understand Korean culture in terms of continuity, focusing on the ritual custom that has been passed down from early Joseon to now. Certain custom was a living reality determining social relationship, a social form and content at some point of past. However, for human beings living in modern society who are living out of the traditional social context, those kinds of customs might be nothing more than old fashioned practices or outdated traditions. Now, even people who are practising such customs cannot explain and understand the customs clearly. At last, the social form has disappeared and only the content survived.
Although the world and social context have been changed, the content is remained to regulate human behaviors to some extend. Still, fishes reminding of tradition, such as redlip croaker, pollack and cod are offered on ritual tables and presented as gift, rather than expensive snapper, white bait, salmon or tuna. Redlip croaker that was used as tribute to the court in early Joseon and later universal ritual object regardless of class and region in late Joseon, is still distributed as a popular species. In this sense, 'folklore' as a part of the past is still living in the present and 'rational' choices of human are influenced by culture (and its transmission) more or less.