미국의 자연주의 문학 연구 : 20세기 초반까지

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Naturalism originated in France. It is a product of nineteenth-century thoughts - of Darwin, Mark, Comte, Taine. In addition to these thoughts, the scientific movement of the age created a scientific attitude of mind and emphasized the law of causation. From this emerged two dieas : biological determinism and economic determinism.
The characteristics of naturalism are chiefly objectivity, frankness and amoral attitude toward material. In other words, naturalism is pessimistic realism. Because men are victimized either by outer forces-the milieu or by inner drives.
The causes with which the transplanting of literary naturalism from France to the United States in the last decade of nineteenth century takes place are not certain. But we could assert that the two most characteristic qualities of the American temper are Puritanism and optimism. The former is traditionally English, the latter a product of new world economics. From the first, the philosopy of determinism has sprung and from the latter a free-will philosophy - the will to succeed has been created. Therewithal the bigness of economic machine dwarfs the individual and creates a sense of impotency.
No literary movements start with clear deviding line between eras. The spirit of the age developed first with realistic thoughts. Realists described life as it was. Then naturalism appeared with philosophy of determinism.
William Dean Howells is realist of commonplace. He takes as its subject matter the common, the familiar, the ordinary in American life and treat this matter with faithfulness to the given actuality of life. It has too a social aim, to knit men together in the spirit of the sympathy and the brotherhood through a recognition of the commonality of their experience. Realism of commplace has its selective criterion: the belief that a proportioned, average representation of actuality is closer to the truth than a representation of extremes.
Gradually the stereotyped realism gave way to new European thoughts. Such naturalists as Stephen Crane and Frank Norris began an experiment in naturalism in the middle nineties. Norriis in McTeague reflected a deterministic naturalism that human beings are helpless animals and act according to instincts.
Theodore Dreiser succeeded them and developed naturalism in American literature. Dreiser expressed the life that he experienced and observed. Sister carrie is a story of longing and desire, of weakness and strength, of despair and ambition, of success and defeat. It exposed all of these human motives. The novel has two stories: Carrie's rise and Hurstwood's downfall. Dreiser first saw biological determinism inherent in man's nature. At the same time, he sought to grasp the working of social laws as they affect human fate. We can detect in Sister Carrie with Dreiser's sympathy with his characters, a certain transcendental and ideal meaning in man's life.
Hemingway's To Have and Have Not shows a turn away from the symbolic toward naturalistic movement. Harry is battered not only by the mysterious universal force but political and economical things in the United States in the Depression. Heminway's intention, socioeconomically, is to render in personal and emotional terms the disparity in American life and to show how that disparity and the malfunctioning of the system that produce it, can be a force in the making of an individual tragedy.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 본론
• 1. W.D.Howells(1837 - 1920)와 평범성의 문학
• 2. Frank Norris( 1870~1902 ) : 미국 자연주의의 효시
• 3. Theodore Dreiser( 1981~1945 ) : 미국 자연주의의 거장
• 4. Hemingway( 1897~1961 ) : 비극적 운명에의 참여
• Ⅲ. 결론
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• ABSTRACT