한국어와 베트남어의 친족어 확대 사용 양상 대조

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to contrast the patterns of extended use of kinship terms in Korean and Vietnamese and investigate the actual perceptions of language users in each discourse situation. The adopted research method involves surveying the perceptions of Vietnamese native speakers using a questionnaire. Initially, the study classifies the kinship terms that are widely used in Korean and Vietnamese, and subsequently analyzes the patterns of extended use of each kinship terms.
In Chapter 1, the study discusses the need for this research, introducing the demand and supply situation in the current Korean language education market in Vietnam. It also reviews previous studies on the extended use of kinship terms in Korean and Vietnamese, categorizing them into four groups: studies on trends in Korean language research in Vietnamese-speaking regions, contrastive studies on kinship terms and terms of address, studies on the extended use of kinship terms, and studies on language and culture of Korea and Vietnam.
Chapter 2 discusses the classification systems of kinship terms in both countries and their extended use. It organizes the systems of Korean and Vietnamese kinship terms, compares them, and approaches the patterns of extended use in a similar manner.
Chapter 3 outlines the research method, focusing on the main research tasks. The procedure involves limiting the scope of analysis and designing the research method. Before implementing the questionnaire method used in this study, a preliminary survey was conducted to enhance the accuracy of the research.
In Chapter 4, the actual collected survey responses are analyzed. Section 1 establishes criteria for item analysis through an analysis of responses from all participants, and classifies the extended use patterns of kinship terms in detail through the analysis of each item. Section 2 classifies the results based on usage patterns, summarizes the analysis for each category, and, finally, Section 3 draws implications from contrasting extended use patterns of kinship terms in Korean. Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of this study, organizing the entire discussion covered.
The analysis reveals that in Vietnamese, the extended use of kinship terms between non-kin conversational participants is determined by the age difference between the parties, which differs from Korean. In Korean, there is a distinct tendency to prioritize the age of the listener when selecting vocabulary. In Vietnamese, vocabulary selection tends to vary based on the age difference between the speaker and the listener.
Additionally, specific kinship terms show different usage patterns depending on discourse situations and contexts, while some exhibit similar patterns. Representative examples of the former include the terms “동생” and “em”, “할아버지” and “ông”, and “할머니” and “bà” in Korean and Vietnamese, respectively. In Korean, “동생” is rarely used as an expression of address for a younger sibling, whereas in Vietnamese, “em” is actively used. Conversely, it is considered unremarkable to use “할아버지” or “할머니” in Korean, while there is a tendency in Vietnamese that it is rare to use “ông” and “bà”.
And the examples of the latter, “오빠” and “anh”, exhibit unique usage patterns, particularly in romantic relationships in both language contexts. “오빠” and its counterpart “anh” are often used by an older female to address a younger lover or husband. It is not even uncommon for a younger male to use the term “em” to address his older romantic partner or wife in Vietnamese.
In recent years, due to the spread of Korean language education and the influence of the Korean Wave, exchanges between the two language communities have become more active. In this context, understanding the linguistic and cultural differences between Korean and Vietnamese is crucial for Vietnamese learners of Korean. This study aims to provide useful information to Korean learners, establish a foundation for the effective teaching of kinship terms, and serve as an essential tool in promoting ther cross-cultural understanding and communication between Korea and Vietnam.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 한국어와 베트남어의 친족어가 확대 사용되는 양상을 대조하고 개별 담화 상황에 따른 언어 사용자의 실제 인식을 밝히는 데에 있다. 이에 채택한 연구 방법은 질문지법으로 이를 활용하여 베트남어 모어 화자의 인식을 조사하는데 먼저 한국어와 베트남어에서 확대 사용되는 친족어에는 무엇이 있는지를 분류하고 다음으로 개별 친족어가 확대 사용되는 양상을 분석하였다.
1장에서는 작금의 베트남 내 한국어 교육 시장에서 드러난 수요와 공급 현황을 소개하면서 연구의 필요성에 대해 먼저 논의하였다. 또한 한국어와 베트남어의 친족어 확대 사용 양상을 논의하기 위한 선행 연구들을 검토하였는데 이는 크게 네 가지 부류 즉, ‘베트남어권 한국어 연구 동향에 관한 연구’들과 ‘친족어와 호칭어의 대조 분석에 관한 연구’, ‘친족어의 확대 사용에 관한 연구’ 마지막으로 ‘한국과 베트남의 언어 및 문화에 대한 연구’를 살펴보았다.
이를 토대로 2장에서는 양국의 친족어 분류 체계 및 그 확대 사용에 대해 논의하였는데 한국어의 체계와 베트남어의 체계를 먼저 정리하고 그 다음에 이 둘을 대조·비교하는 순서로 논의를 진행하였으며 확대 사용 양상에 대해서도 동일한 방식으로 접근하였다.
3장에서는 본 연구의 주요 작업이 되는 연구 방법에 대해 설정하였다. 그 절차는 먼저 분석의 대상을 한정한 뒤 연구 방법을 설계하는 과정으로 진행되었으며, 본 연구의 방법이 되는 질문지법을 시행하기 전 예비 설문을 통해 연구의 정확도를 높이고자 하였다.
다음으로 4장에서는 실제 수집된 설문 응답을 바탕으로 그 결과에 대한 분석이 이루어졌는데, 1절에서는 전체 응답자에 대한 분석을 통해 문항 분석의 기준을 마련했으며 개별 문항 분석을 통해 친족어 확대 사용 양상을 세부적으로 확인하였다. 2절에서는 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 사용 양상에 따라 이를 분류하고 각 범주에 대한 분석을 정리하였고, 최종적으로는 3절에서 한국어에서의 친족어 확대 사용 양상과 대조를 통해 분석의 함의를 이끌어냈다. 마지막으로 5장에서는 그간의 논의를 정리하여 연구의 결론을 기술하였다.
분석 결과, 베트남어에서는 비친족 관계의 대화 참여자간 확대 사용되는 친족어가 양측의 연령차에 따라 결정된다는 점이 한국어에서의 그것과 다르다는 점이 드러났다. 즉, 한국어에서는 청자의 나이를 우선적으로 고려하여 어휘를 선택하는 경향이 뚜렷한 반면, 베트남에서는 화자인 자신의 나이와 상대방의 연령 차이에 따라 자신 또는 상대방을 지시하는 어휘를 달리 선택하는 경향을 보였다.
그리고 개별 어휘로서 몇몇 친족어들은 담화 상황과 맥락에 따라 쓰이는 양상이 다르게 나타나기도 하고, 반대로 유사한 현상을 보이기도 했다. 전자의 대표적인 어휘들로는 ‘동생’과 ‘em’, ‘할아버지’와 ‘ông’, ‘할머니’와 ‘bà’와 같은 것들이 있는데 한국어에서는 지시 대상을 부르는 호칭 표현으로서 ‘동생’이 거의 사용되지 않는 반면, 베트남어에서는 ‘em’이 활발하게 사용되고 있음이 드러났다. 반대로 한국어에서는 ‘할아버지’나 ‘할머니’를 사용하는 것이 어색하지 않은 데에 비해 베트남어에서는 ‘ông’과 ‘bà’를 사용하는 경향이 매우 낮게 나타났다.
그리고 후자의 경우에 해당하는 친족어로는 ‘오빠’와 ‘anh’이 있었다. 이 두 어휘는 각각의 언어권에서 특히 남녀 관계에서 사용될 때 독특한 쓰임을 보였는데 ‘오빠’와 이에 대응하는 친족어 ‘anh’이 연상의 여성이 연하의 연인 또는 남편에게 사용되는 일이 적지 않음이 밝혀졌다. 나아가 베트남어에서는 연하의 남성이 연상의 연인 또는 아내에게 ‘em’을 사용하는 경향도 적지 않음이 드러났다.
최근 몇 년간 한국어교육의 확산과 한류의 영향 등으로 인해 두 언어권의 교류가 활발해지고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 한국어를 배우는 베트남어권 학습자에게 양국의 언어 문화적 차이를 이해하는 것은 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구는 한국어 학습자에게 유용한 정보를 제공하고 친족어를 효과적으로 교수할 수 있는 기초를 마련하며 문화 간의 이해와 소통을 촉진하는 중요한 도구로서의 역할을 수행할 것으로 기대된다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차··································································································································ⅰ
• 표 차례····························································································································ⅲ
• 그림 차례························································································································ⅴ
• 국문 초록························································································································ⅷ
• 1. 서론·······························································································································1
• 1.1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ······················································································1
• 1.2. 연구 문제 ··············································································································5
• 1.3. 논의의 구성··········································································································6
• 1.4. 선행 연구 검토 ····································································································8
• 2. 친족어의 분류 체계 및 확대 사용 ·······································································17
• 2.1. 친족어와 호칭어································································································17
• 2.1.1. 친족어의 개념 및 정의·············································································18
• 2.1.2. 호칭어의 개념 및 정의·············································································21
• 2.2. 친족어 분류 체계 ······························································································27
• 2.2.1. 한국어의 친족어 분류 체계·····································································27
• 2.2.2. 베트남어의 친족어 분류 체계·································································35
• 2.2.3. 한국어와 베트남어의 친족어 체계 ·························································37
• 2.3. 친족어의 확대 사용 양상················································································42
• 2.3.1. 한국어에서의 친족어 확대 사용 ·····························································47
• 2.3.2. 베트남어에서의 친족어 확대 사용·························································61
• 3. 연구 방법···················································································································68
• 3.1. 분석 대상 ············································································································68
• 3.2. 조사 도구 개발 절차 ························································································70
• 3.3. 예비 분석 검토 ··································································································78
• 4. 한국어와 베트남어 친족어의 확대 사용 양상 대조·········································80
• 4.1. 응답 분석 ············································································································80
• 4.2. 사용 양상별 분석····························································································137
• 4.2.1. 보편적 의미로서의 확대 사용·······························································137
• 4.2.2. 사회적 관계에 따른 확대 사용 ·····························································142
• 4.2.3. 특수한 상황에서의 확대 사용·······························································145
• 4.3. 친족어의 확대 사용 양상 대조····································································147
• 5. 결론···························································································································153
• 부록 1: 설문지(국문) ··································································································157
• 부록 2: 설문지(베트남어) ··························································································163
• 참고문헌 ························································································································170
• Abstract ························································································································178