Learning and memory in normal aging

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xiii
• CHAPTER 1 Conditioning and Instrumental Learning
• Introduction = 1
• Learning or Memory? = 3
• Adult Age Differences in Conditioning = 4
• Classical Conditioning = 7
• Operant Conditioning = 14
• Adult Age Differences in Instrumental Learning = 18
• Maze Learning = 18
• Explanation of Age Differences in Maze Learning = 20
• Spatial Learning and Spatial Cognition = 21
• CHAPTER 2 Skill Learning and Procedural Learning
• Adult Age Differences in Motor-Skill Learning = 26
• Attributes of Motor Behaviors = 28
• Laboratory Studies: Real-World Motor-Learning Tasks = 32
• Laboratory Studies: Controlled Motor-Learning Tasks = 34
• Expertise and Maintenance of Moror Skills = 41
• Learning Theory and Explanation of Adult Age Differences in Motor-Skill Learning = 44
• Adult Age Differences in Perceptual Learning = 46
• Target Detection = 47
• Stimulus Discrimination = 47
• Pattern-Recognition Learning = 53
• Attentional Learning = 54
• Expertise and Maintenance of a Perceptual Skill = 56
• Adult Age Differences in Learning Mental Skills = 57
• Adult Age Differences in Procedural Learning = 57
• Dissociation and Procedural Learning = 57
• Evidence for Procedural Learning in Late Adulthood = 63
• CHAPTER 3 Verbal Learning
• Introduction = 66
• Adult Age Differences in Paired-Associate Learning = 66
• Historical Perspective: Early Studies = 67
• Historical Perspective: Methodological Problems and Issues = 69
• Stage Analysis of Potential Age-Sensitive Processes = 77
• Research wirh Manipulable Independent Variables: Preexrierimental Associative Strength = 84
• Research with Manipulable Independent Variables: Rate of Item Presentation = 86
• Research with Manipulable Independent Variables: Mediational Instructions and Materials = 91
• Research with Manipulable Independent Variables: Intentional versus Incidental Learning = 97
• Comments = 98
• Adult Age Differences in Serial Learning = 98
• Historical Perspective = 98
• Research with Manipulable Independent Variables = 99
• Analysis of Age-Sensitive Processes = 102
• CHAPTER 4 Mnemonics and Transfer
• Mnemonics = 105
• Pegword Method = 106
• Method of Loci = 106
• Keyword Method = 108
• Supplementary Procedures = 110
• Individual Differences Variables = 111
• Alternative Methods of Mnemonic Training = 113
• Adult Age Differences in Transfer = 117
• Specific versus Nonspecific Transfer Implications for Adult Age Differences = 117
• Laboratory Studies of Nonspecific Transfer = 120
• Laboratory Studies of Specific Transfer = 122
• Comments = 129
• CHAPTER 5 Sensory Memory and Short-Term／Primary Memory
• Introduction = 131
• Overview of the Human Memory System = 134
• Adult Age Differences in Sensory Memory = 135
• Iconic Memory = 135
• Echoic Memory = 141
• Other Senses = 149
• Adult Age Differences in Short-Term／Primary Memory = 149
• Primary Memory: STS Capacity and Memory Span = 151
• Primary Memory: STS Capacity and the Recency Effect = 157
• Primary Memory: Flexibility of Representation = 160
• Primary Memory: Race of Loss of Information = 162
• Primary Memory: Search of Content = 168
• CHAPTER 6 Models of Long-Term Episodic Memory
• Introduction = 175
• Dual-Store Models = 175
• Nature of Dual-Store Models = 175
• Explanation of Age Differences in Secondary Memory = 176
• Levels-of-Processing Model = 181
• Nature of the Levels-of-Processing Model = 181
• Orienting Tasks and Variation in Depth of Processing = 183
• Noncued Recall versus Cued Recall: Encoding or Retrieval as the Locus of Age Differences in Episodic Memory = 187
• Elaboration as the Locus of Age Differences in Episodic Memory = 190
• Cognitive Resources and Cognitive Support = 193
• Trace Distinctiveness as the Locus of Age Differences in Episodic Memory = 193
• Primary Memory and the Recency Effect Reconsidered = 196
• Comments = 199
• General Resources = 201
• Overview = 201
• Processing Rate and Working-Memory Models = 203
• Inhibition Model = 207
• Network Theory = 207
• Processing Rate and Adult Age Differences in Episodic Long-Term Memory = 208
• Working Memory and Adult Age Differences in Episodic Long-Term Memory = 212
• Inhibition and Adult Age Differences in Episodic Long-Term Memory = 220
• Generality of Resource Decrements = 223
• CHAPTER 7 Long-Term Episodic Memory: Effortful Phenomena
• Introduction = 229
• Adult Age Differences in Organizational Processes = 229
• Categorical Organization = 230
• Other Forms of Intrinsic Organization = 238
• Subjective Organization = 240
• Multitrial Free Recall = 243
• Generation Effect = 244
• Encoding Variability and the Lag Effect = 246
• Recognition Memory = 249
• Single Item Recognition Memory = 249
• Recognition versus Recall = 253
• Adult Age Difference in Picture and Face Memory = 254
• Picture Memory = 255
• Face Memory = 259
• Adult Age Differences in Retrieval = 261
• Encoding Specificity = 261
• Output Interference = 267
• Effects of Prior Retrieval on Later Retrieval = 268
• Cued Recall and Indirect Retrieval = 269
• Fan Effect = 270
• Adult Age Differences in Prospective Memory = 271
• CHAPTER 8 Long-Term Episodic Memory: Discourse
• Introduction = 276
• Adult Age Differences in Sentence Memory = 277
• Syntactic and Semantic Constraints = 277
• Normal Sentence Recall = 279
• Adult Age Differences in Paragraph Memory = 281
• Recall of Ideas = 281
• Modality of Presentation = 282
• Attributes of the Text = 283
• Comprehension of Content = 283
• Medical Information = 289
• Adult Age Differences in Memory for Longer Discourses = 289
• Schema Abstraction = 290
• Levels of Propositions = 292
• Qualitative and Quantitative Age Differences in Discourse Memory = 294
• Procedural Variables = 295
• Attributes of the Discourse = 298
• Prior Knowledge = 299
• Individual Differences Variables = 303
• CHAPTER 9 Long-Term Episodic Memory: Automaticity and Rehearsal Independence
• Introduction = 306
• Adult Age Differences in Memory for Noncontent Attributes of Episodic Events = 307
• Frequency-of-Occurrencc Memory = 307
• Temporal Memory = 312
• Spatial Memory = 315
• Source Memory = 321
• Other Noncontent Attributes = 323
• Adult Age Differences in Memory for Activities and Actions = 326
• Memory for the Content of Activities and Actions = 327
• Encoding of Activity and Action Information = 335
• Memory for Noncontent Attributes = 339
• Reality Monitoring and Source Memory = 342
• Adult Age Differences in Other Forms of Rehearsal-Independent Memory = 343
• CHAPTER 10 Long-Term Episodic Memory: Retention and Forgetting
• Introduction = 346
• Adult Age Differences in Real-Life Forgetting = 346
• Impersonal Events = 346
• Personal Idiosyncratic Events: Autobiographical Memory = 352
• Why Forgetting? = 354
• Proactive and Retroactive Interference = 354
• Interference Proneness = 355
• Problems in Testing the Interference Proneness Hypothesis = 355
• Laboratory Studies: Retention of Successive Lists = 357
• Laboratory Studies: Single-List Retention = 362
• Laboratory Studies: Retention of Activities and Actions = 367
• Laboratory Studies: Retention of Noncontent Attributes = 369
• CHAPTER 11 Long-Term Episodic Memory: Implicit Memory
• Nature of Implicit Memory = 370
• Adult Age Differences in Implicit Memory = 374
• Why Age Sensitivity on Some Tasks and Not Other Tasks? = 382
• Conscious Recollection versus Automaticity = 383
• Future Research = 385
• CHAPTER 12 Generic (Semantic) Memory and Metamemory
• Introduction = 387
• Adult Age Differences in the Internal Lexicon = 388
• Age Differences in Structure = 388
• Age Differences in Lexical Access for Words = 395
• Stimulus Degradation and Lexical Access = 402
• Verbal Fluency = 404
• Age Differences in Lexical Access for Categorical Information = 404
• Separate Memory Systems? = 409
• When Lexical Access Fails = 412
• Adult Age Differences in the Use of Syntax = 414
• Adult Age Differences in Metamemory = 415
• Aye Differences in Off-Line Evaluation of Episodic Memory = 416
• Age Differences in On-Line Evaluation of Episodic Memory = 424
• Age Differences in Episodic Memory Monitoring Skills = 428
• Age Differences in Self-Evaluation of Factual Memory Proficiency = 431
• REFERENCES = 433
• AUTHOR INDEX = 513
• SUBJECT INDEX = 533