Teachers’ well-being and teaching styles have long been central concerns in educational research. However, despite extensive empirical attention, limited insight has been gained into why and how these outcomes change over time. Much of the existing ...
Teachers’ well-being and teaching styles have long been central concerns in educational research. However, despite extensive empirical attention, limited insight has been gained into why and how these outcomes change over time. Much of the existing literature explains low teacher well-being and maladaptive teaching styles primarily in terms of external working conditions, such as workload, administrative control, and institutional pressure, or relatively stable individual differences, such as personality traits. While these approaches help account for average differences between teachers, they offer little explanation for processes of change within the same teacher across time. As a result, prior research has been more informative about which teachers function better on average than about what drives improvement or deterioration within individuals.
Teachers, however, are not merely passive recipients of external demands. They actively organize their experiences by prioritizing values and goals and regulating their efforts accordingly. From this perspective, changes in teachers’ well-being and teaching styles may be more closely tied to how teachers pursue personally meaningful goals than to external conditions alone. Nevertheless, few studies have longitudinally examined how teachers’ goal pursuit processes—and especially their experiences of goal progress—are linked to changes in well-being and teaching styles. In particular, research conceptualizing goals not as static representations but as ongoing pursuits, and examining within-person change during goal striving, remains scarce.
This study addresses this gap by focusing on teachers’ self-set personal goals and examining how experiences of goal progress predict changes in well-being and teaching styles over time. In addition, drawing on Goal Contents Theory within Self-Determination Theory, the study critically re-examines the theory’s core claim at the within-person level. Although Goal Contents Theory conceptualizes goal effects as unfolding through psychological processes, much of the supporting evidence has relied on cross-sectional, between-person associations. This reliance has created a mismatch between theoretical claims about change and empirical evidence. The present study aims to clarify the scope and limits of the theory by testing its key propositions at the level of within-person change.
A longitudinal design was employed with 365 in-service teachers (160 in a 4-week group and 205 in a 7-week group). Instead of using standardized goal lists, the study adopted a Personal Projects Analysis approach, treating teachers’ self-generated goals from their actual work contexts as the unit of analysis to enhance ecological validity. At baseline (t1), teachers reported their personal goals, extrinsic goal orientation, well-being, and teaching styles. Goal progress and basic psychological need satisfaction were then assessed repeatedly over 4 or 7 weeks, followed by a reassessment of well-being and teaching styles at the final time point (t4). To clearly distinguish between between-person differences and within-person change, multilevel models and fixed-effects models were applied.
The results diverged across analytical levels, revealing different patterns at the between-person and within-person levels. At the between-person level, extrinsic goal orientation was consistently associated with lower levels of well-being, including life satisfaction and affective balance, as well as with lower levels of need-supportive teaching styles, such as autonomy support and structure provision. Teachers with higher extrinsic goal orientation maintained relatively lower well-being and reported fewer need-supportive teaching behaviors throughout the study period. These findings support the central claim of Goal Contents Theory that goal content systematically differentiates teachers at the between-person level.
Whereas extrinsic goal orientation characterized stable between-person differences, goal progress emerged as the key predictor of change over time. Teachers who experienced greater goal progress over the course of the study showed larger improvements in well-being and more positive changes in need-supportive teaching styles. At the within-person level, moments when teachers experienced more goal progress than usual were consistently accompanied by simultaneous increases in autonomy, competence, and relatedness satisfaction. Moreover, goal progress predicted improvements in well-being and teaching styles indirectly through basic psychological need satisfaction, supporting a core process proposed by Self-Determination Theory at the level of within-person change.
Contrary to the study’s hypotheses, however, goal content did not moderate the effects of goal progress at the within-person level. The positive associations between goal progress, need satisfaction, well-being, and teaching styles were observed regardless of teachers’ relative extrinsic goal orientation. This finding suggests that while goal content plays a meaningful role in shaping stable between-person differences, it may be less relevant for explaining short-term within-person dynamics during goal pursuit. In this sense, the results identify an important boundary condition of Goal Contents Theory with respect to within-person change.
By rigorously separating between-person differences from within-person change in a longitudinal framework, this study demonstrates that changes in teachers’ well-being and teaching styles are more directly linked to experiences of goal progress than to the specific content of the goals pursued. These findings suggest that supporting teachers in making meaningful progress toward their own goals may be more critical for fostering well-being and professional growth than emphasizing particular goal contents.