1893년 대공황과 윌슨-고먼 관세법: 클리블랜드 대통령의 관세 개혁을 중심으로 = The Depression of 1893 and Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894: Focussing on Grover Cleveland’s Tariff Reform

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This essay is aimed to examine why Grover Cleveland’s Tariff Reform was failed and what was his veracity of Tariff Reform through U.S. Legislative Process of Wilson-Gormon Tariff Act, which he kept to initiate and legislate. He was a Jeffersonian Democrat and the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States, holding the white House form 1885 to 1889 and again form 1893 to 1897. His objective of tariff Reform were the following. Low taxes and tariffs, no national debt, sound money, strict construction of the Constitution, economy and accountability.
Cleveland’s aim for the Tariff Reform changed at the height of the panic of 1893 before and after. After Cleveland took office as the 24th president again, he and his 2nd adminstration wanted to repeal the McKinley Tariff and legislate the tariff revise act as soon as possible. But at the time the most urgent issue was to cope with the crisis of the 1893 Depression. So, in order to overcome the economic crisis he had to stabilize the monetary system and restore the currency system at home and abroad.
For searching of the both monetary stabilization and confidency restoration in Currency system, Cleveland showed his political influence to repeal the sherman Silver Purchase Act. In order to win he offered public office and The Democratic party’s hegemony to leading politicians within the Democrats who alined with Cleveland’s anti-silver stance.
It was the very Tariff Reform Bill of 1894 that not only Cleveland but also William Wilson agreed and wrote. The Wilson Bill was passed the house easily, but when the bill was been proposed before the Senate, conditions were rapidly changing. For the tariff reform, Cleveland came up against the Protectionists and well as the Siverites in the Democrats. Many Senators added 460 amendments to the original version of the House bill(Wilson bill) for not the future of the nation but the interests of their local voter and industrialist.
In order to save the Wilson’s original tariff version, Wilson open Cleveland’s letter to the Democratic senators in the house-senate conference. His letter was publicly to denounce them and to appeal to public opinion. But when the senators protested Cleveland, the political situation reached in stalemate. Finally the Senate’s amended bill passed the house.
Cleveland was in a dilemma. It was difficult for him to sign or veto the Wilson-Gorman Tariff bill(Senate’s amended bill). He wanted to give historical lesson to next generation by showing the process of Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act. The result was Democrat’s election defeat between 1894-1912.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 미국의 제 22대 및 24대 대통령직을 수행했던 그로버 클리블랜드의 관세개혁 가운데 입법화된 윌슨-고먼법의 제정과정을 두고 상하양원의 대립과정과 그 결과 관세개혁의 대의를 상실했던 과정을 분석하였다. 클리블랜드의 관세관, 원자재 무관세 논리, 1893년 공황에 대한 그의 국정운영의 변화, 셔먼 은구매법 폐지를 둘러싼 대통령의 리더십 활용, 클리블랜드의 통화관, 월슨-고먼 관세법의 제정과정을 통해 그가 대공황을 극복하고자 노력했던 진면과 상원간의 반목속에서 관세개혁의 대의와 위상이 추락되는 과정을 살펴보았다.
이 글을 통해 클리블랜드는 1893년 공황에 대해 무능력하고 무력한 대통령이 아니라 도금시대라는 시대적 한계를 지니지만 이를 극복하려는 타협에 굽히지 않는 정직한 인물이자 작은 정부, 독과점 현상의 방지, 금본위제 수호로 국가의 대외신임도 추락을 막고 저율관세로 고율보호관세의 보호막으로부터 체질저하의 국내산업에 대외경쟁력을 갖춘 미국의 굳건한 경제토대를 구축하고자 인물이었음을 확인하였다.

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