There has been certain level of success on expanding the coverage of the Social Health Insurance to all people in Korea. However, there also has been criticism regarding the shortage of the social safety net, especially for the low-income households. ...
There has been certain level of success on expanding the coverage of the Social Health Insurance to all people in Korea. However, there also has been criticism regarding the shortage of the social safety net, especially for the low-income households. Moreover, efforts of the Korean Government to broaden the benefit coverage are facing obstacles due to rapidly increasing medical costs. Given the situation, there has been voice that this problem could be tackled through stimulating PHI (Private Health Insurance) market.
Currently, the researches regarding PHI are limited to the studies regarding increase in health expenditure due to the moral hazard of enrollees and the effect of PHI on the finances of the social health insurance. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study which reflects the increasing level of polarization of wealth, low medical insurance-low coverage, and rapid growth in PHI market.
The study aims to examine the effect of PHI on households with cancer patient applying the definition of catastrophic health expenditure. Cancer is not only a disease that is a major subject of the PHI, but also a disease that reduced deductibles can be applied since the introduction of the Special Cancer Patient Protection Policy in 2005.
The study analysed the Korean Health Panel Data 2008(beta 1.1.1) and first half year part of the Korean Health Panel Data 2009 (beta 1.1.1). Major part of the analysis was based on 2009 data focusing on households with cancer patient, and in order to compare any alteration to prior time the full year data of 2008 were utilized. Out of 6,798 households which participated the survey in the first half year of 2009, 420 households were selected as samples since those households have family members diagnosed with cancer.
The study is composed with three parts. The first part explores the question of if there any effect of moral hazard due to the PHI. In order to solve the problems regarding the endogeneity of PHI, the study redefined the meaning of joining the health insurance (only the study considers those who enrolled PHI before diagnosis with cancer) in order to reduce the effect of moral hazard. The second part concerns the catastrophic health expenditure caused by the number of PHI products. For the last part, the study has modified the concept of medical cost to a net-medical cost, which is the “sum of medical expenditure and PHI fee subtracted by refund” in order to predict the effect of PHI more accurately,
The results from the first part of the study depict the fact that households with PHI are 1.71 times more likely to be exposed to the catastrophic health expenditure than those without PHI, implying that there exist effects of the moral hazard that induced medical utilization. The findings from the second part of the research indicate that patients with more than three PHI are 0.44 times less likely to be exposed to the catastrophic health expenditure than those with only one PHI. Since high income households are more likely to have PHI than low income households based on the descriptive results, this means PHI tends operate in favor of the high income household. Lastly, considering the net-medical cost, catastrophic health expenditure occurred 3.04 times more when having PHI but being exempted for the refund from PHI compare to those without PHI. However, with refund, the odds of catastrophic health expenditure were reduced by 0.46, and this depicts the importance of PHI on income and the fact that PHI protects household from economic crisis caused by excessive medical expenditure.
All three parts of the research have the equivalent result. The odds of catastrophic health expenditure occurs to latent poverty households. It could be explained in different ways, but they have the same implication: social health insurance should protect low-income households and favor policies for them. Due to unmet medical need or results of deductible to low-income bracket, it's not too important matter. The implication is a matter.
There are benefits of PHI on micro-level, but considering the efficiency of the whole society based on the social justice, PHI could yield more harmful effects on micro-level. Moreover, while National Social Health Insurance is able to enjoys advantages of a single payer when negotiating with providers, PHI cannot. If the resources of PHI can flow into the National Social Insurance and if there is a system that guarantees efficient distribution of these resources, National Health System of South Korea could be equipped with more durable social safety net.