역사와 경영학의 교류 = Building a Bridge between History and Management

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 경영학이 역사, 또는 역사학과의 교류를 통해서 무엇을 얻을 수 있는지를 탐색하였다. 기업에 대한 역사학적 관점을 제시한 후, 역사적 사실과 관점을 경영학의 연구, 교육, 실무에 적용하는 방안을 논의하였다. 우선 역사학적 관점에서 자본주의의 조연에 불과했던 기업계가 정부 및 국민과 균형관계를 이루기 위해서는 ‘경영학적 역사성’
(historicality)의 구축이 필요하다고 주장하였다. 경영학적 역사성이란 “과거, 현재, 미래의 시간적 흐름 속에서 역사적 주체들과 관계의 균형을 이루는 과정”이며 기업의 사회적 책임을 넘어 역사적 책임을 구현하는 것이라고 정의하였다. 이의 정립을 위해서 역사 인식의 분석틀을 동력, 공간, 시간의 3차원으로 제시하고, 각 차원에서 경영학적 역사성을
구축함으로써, 오늘날 빈부격차, 소비주의/기업주의, 환경오염의 원흉이라는 비판을 받고 있는 기업계가 정부 및 국민과 균형관계를 회복할 수 있다고 봤다. 구체적으로, 역사학이 제시하는 인류발전의 두 동력인 ‘우월정신' (megalothymia)과 ‘대등정신’(isothymia)이 기업경영에 어떻게 내재되어 있는지를 살펴봤고, 공간차원에서는 확산원리를 제시했으며, 시간적으로는 ‘경영학적 시간’을 도입하였다. 아울러 경영학계는 연구, 교육, 실무차원에서 역사학적 사실(史實)과 관점들을 보다 적극적으로 수용해야 한다는 점을 강조하였다. 아울러 경영학에서 역사를 활용한 연구방안을 논의하였다. 여기에서는 역사해석 연구, 역사를 이용한 이론개발/이론검증연구, 그리고 경영역사연구로 나누어 설명하였다. 특히 경영역사연구에서는 Alfred Chandler Jr.를 대표적 경영역사연구자로 제시하였다. 또한, 경영교육차원에서는 경영학교육이 테크닉을 학습시키는 것을 넘어 기업의 역사적 책임과 가치를 교육해야 한다는 점을 강조하였다. 끝으로, 실무에서 불고 있는 역사 및 인문학 학습열풍의 원인을 분석하였다. 한국에 독특한 최근의 역사(인문) 학습열풍은
대학교육 부실과 경영환경변화를 주원인으로 들었다. 역사학과 경영학을 이어줄 수 있는 경영평론가 육성의 필요성을 제시하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The current study is to explore what lessons the business management as a discipline can learn by looking into human history and historical perspectives. After introducing historical perspectives about the firm, we then discussed ways to enrich business research, education, and practices with contents from human history. First of all, it was argued that “managerial historicality” need to be established in order for the community of firms regarded only as a marginal player throughout history to restore balanced relationships both with government and people. Based on a three-prong interpretative model on human history which contains motive, space, and time, we analyzed and suggested various means to overcome the negative criticisms against firms such as causes of inequality of wealth distribution, consumerism/corporatism, environmental destruction. Specifically, in terms of motive we took megalothymia and isothymia which historians suggest as motives of human history and examined how the dual motives can be utilized to achieve firms’ relational equilibrium with government and people. We also discussed the nature of firms that innately seek for spatial dispersion, and introduced the concept of ‘managerial time’that engulfs planning, organizing, executing, and controlling as a unit of time.
Additionally, we emphasized that the management discipline needs to find ways to make more use of events in history and historical perspectives in conducting research, educating students, and practicing businesses. The recent craze for learning about humanities including history that blows in the whole grip of Korean managers and executives in particular is speculated to have its roots both in their lack of humanities education in early life time and hyper turbulence in business environments. It was concluded that appearance of a new role entitled “management critic” is in order who having finished training both in management and history can build a bridge between management and history.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 기업에 대한 역사학적 관점
• Ⅲ. 경영학의 역사 활용
• Ⅳ. 토의 및 결론
• 참고문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김동민, "한국 유학의 리더십과 그 현대적 특징 - 持敬에서 至治로, 지혜의 리더십 -" 한국철학사연구회 23 (23): 7-65, 2008

2 윤승준, "하룻밤에 읽는 유럽사" (주)알에이치코리아 2012

3 백기복, "청암 리더십 — 근거이론과 결정적 사건법을 활용한 종합모델 도출 —" 리더십학회 2 (2): 3-45, 2010

4 박시백, "조선왕조실록" 휴머니스트 2013

5 "인문학, 잘 살고 있는 우리에게 늘 시비걸죠(이동훈 대표)" 매일경제신문

6 김종목, "인문학 열풍, 명과 암, “우리도 잡스처럼” 대기업 앞다퉈 ‘돈 되는’ 인문․공학 융․복합 추구"

7 이미아, "메이지 유신의 향수에 잡힌 日경영인들"

8 김엘렌, "김정일 리더십 이미지 연구 : 『김정일선집』에 나타난 동기이미지 분석을 중심으로" 이화여자대학교 2013

9 정재호, "경제윤리의 관점에서 바라본자본주의의 미래와 기업의 사회적 책임" 한국인사조직학회 21 (21): 35-67, 2013

10 백기복, "경영학적 역사성" 포스코경영연구소 2014

11 Hayashi, A. M., "When to trust your gut" 2001

12 Carr, E. H., "What is history?" Penguin Books 1961

13 Janis, I. L., "Victims of groupthink : A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes" Houghton Mifflin 1972

14 Winter, D. G., "Things I’ve learned about personality from studying political leaders at a distance" 73 (73): 557-584, 2005

15 Ouchi, W. G., "Theory Z : How American business can meet the Japanese challenge" Addison-Wesley 1981

16 Chandler Jr. A. D., "The visible hand : The managerial revolution in American business" Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1977

17 Berman, M., "The twilight of American culture" Norton 2001

18 Smith, A., "The theory of moral sentiments" Cambridge University Press 2002

19 Friman, M., "The structure of affective reactions to critical incidents" 25 (25): 331-353, 2004

20 Grant, J. D., "The quiet Americans : Formative context, the Academy of Management leadership, and the management textbook, 1936~1960" 1 (1): 201-224, 2006

21 Stiglitz, J. E., "The price of inequality" W. W. Norton and Company 2012

22 Bligh, M. C., "The power of leading subtly : Alan Greenspan, rhetorical leadership and monetary policy" 18 (18): 87-104, 2007

23 Hannan, M. T., "The population ecology of organizations" 82 (82): 929-964, 1977

24 Wallerstein, "The politics of the world economy : The states, the movements and the civilizations" Cambridge University Press 1984

25 Vroom, V. H., "The new leadership : Managing participation in organizations" Prentice-Hall 1988

26 Bevir, M., "The logic of the history of ideas" Cambridge University Press 1999

27 Wittington, J. L., "The legacy leadership : The leadership wisdom of the Apostle Paul" 16 (16): 749-770, 2005

28 Mumford, M. D., "The leadership of pragmatism : Reconsidering Franklin in the age of charisma" 12 (12): 279-309, 2001

29 Keay, J., "The honourable company : A history of the English East India Company" Macmillan 1991

30 Bilen, O., "The history of understanding and the problem of relativism in Gadamar’s philosophical hermeneutics" The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy 2000

31 Fukuyama, F., "The great disruption : Human nature and the reconstitution of social order" Free Press 1999

32 Barnard, C. I., "The functions of the executive" Harvard University Press 1938

33 Hempel, C. G., "The function of general laws in history" 39 (39): 35-48, 1942

34 Fukuyama, F., "The end of history and the last man" Free Press 1992

35 Glaser, B. G., "The discovery of grounded theory : Strategies for qualitative research" Aldine 1967

36 Spengler, O., "The decline of the West" Alfred A. Knopf 1932

37 Kern, S., "The culture of time and space" Harvard University Press 1983

38 Flanagan, J. C., "The critical incident technique" 51 (51): 327-358, 1954

39 Micklethwait, J., "The company : A short history of a revolutionary idea" The Modern Library 2004

40 Huntington, S. P., "The clash of civilizations?: The debate" Foreign Affairs 1996

41 Scott, W. R., "The adolescence of institutional theory" 32 (32): 493-511, 1987

42 Chandler Jr. A. D., "Strategy and Structure : Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise" MIT Press 1998

43 Chandler, Jr. A. D., "Scale and scope : The dynamics of industrial capitalism" Belknap Press 1990

44 Barnard, C. I., "Organization and management" Harvard University Press 1948

45 Winter, D. G., "Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis" Cambridge University Press 110-125, 1992

46 Jick, T., "Mixed Methods Reader" Sage Publications 2007

47 Chandler, Jr. A. D., "Managerial Hierarchies : Comparative perspectives on the rise of the modern industrial enterprise" Harvard University Press 1980

48 Vroom, V. H., "Leadership and decision making" University of Pittsburgh Press 1973

49 Godelier, E., "History, a useful “science”for management? From polemics to controversies" Business History Conference 6 : 1-15, 2008

50 Chandler Jr. A. D., "History and management practice and thought : An autobiography" 15 (15): 236-260, 2009

51 Wallerstein, I., "Historical capitalism" Verso 1983

52 Marcuse, H., "Hegel’s Ontology and the Theory of Historicity" The MIT Press 1987

53 Mayer, C., "Firm commitment : Why the corporation is failing us and how to restore trust in it" Oxford University Press 2013

54 Novicevic, M. M., "Executive development : History lessons learned from Barnard" 20 (20): 155-161, 2009

55 Morgeson, F. P., "Event criticality, urgency, and duration : Understanding how events disrupt teams and influence team leader intervention" 17 (17): 271-287, 2006

56 Hazelkorn, E., "Europe looks for better ways to measure the value of the arts and humanities"

57 Barnard, C. I., "Elementary conditions of business morals" 1 (1): 1-13, 1958

58 Ferreira, J., "Don’t defund humanities:They’re crucial to the economy, too"

59 Barnard, C. I., "Dilemmas of leadership in the democratic process" Princeton University Press 1939

60 Nussbaum, M. C., "Cultivating humanity : A classical defense of reform in liberal education" Cambridge University Press 1997

61 Byrne, M., "Critical incident technique as a qualitative research method" 74 (74): 536-539, 2001

62 Schumpeter, J., "Capitalism, socialism and democracy" Unwin University Books 1966

63 Bower, J. L., "Capitalism at risk : Rethinking the role of business" Harvard Business Press 2011

64 쉬저윈, "CEO를 위한 중국사 강의" 김영사 2008

65 Heidegger, M., "Being and Time, trans. by John Macquarie and Edward Robinson" Basil Blackwell 1978

66 Vaughan, D., "Autonomy, interdependence, and social control : NASA and the Space Shuttle Challenger" 35 (35): 225-257, 1990

67 Smith, A., "An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations" W. Strahan 1776

68 McKinlay, A., "Accounting for Foucault" 21 (21): 486-495, 2010

69 Toynbee, A., "A study of history" Oxford University Press 1961

70 임희완, "20세기의 역사철학자들" 건국대학교 출판부 2007