Menopause results in a long-term estrogen drop because of cessation of ovarian function, which leads to disruption of balance in multiple systems including immune modulation, muscle maintenance, and bone strength. The imbalance elevates the risk of ch...
Menopause results in a long-term estrogen drop because of cessation of ovarian function, which leads to disruption of balance in multiple systems including immune modulation, muscle maintenance, and bone strength. The imbalance elevates the risk of chronic health problems as women age. Due to its potential side effects associated with prolonged use of conventional hormone therapy, interest in safer alternatives that can protect various physiological systems simultaneously has arisen. With the advent of natural materials as potential candidates, ethanol extract of Prasiola japonica, which is an edible freshwater green alga consumed traditionally in East Asia was investigated in a menopause model. The menopause model was established by surgically removing ovaries (OVX) from mice to induce estrogen deficiency. After a recovery period, the animals received the Prasiola japonica ethanol extract (Pj-EE) or isoflavone, a phytoestrogen, ad libitum for 9 weeks. Estrogen deficiency and Pj-EE effects on the body were examined through analysis in several physiological systems. After ovariectomy, serum estradiol levels dropped, and subsequently reproductive hormone feedback system was disrupted. Body weight increased steadily over the experiment. Moreover, immune system balance became unstable, and muscle fibers shrank in size and shape, while trabecular bone was structurally deteriorated. Pj-EE supplementation counteracted most OVX-induced complications. The body weight increase slowed down, while estradiol recovery helped partly stabilize hormone regulation. Immune cell population changes caused by OVX showed improvement and started returning toward normal balance. In skeletal muscle, the extract treatment preserved fiber size more effectively and made fiber shapes more regular. Additionally, the disturbance in muscle water balance was corrected, confirming successful reduction of muscle atrophy. In bone tissue, trabecular bone area showed partial recovery in comparison with untreated OVX group. At the molecular level, Pj-EE reduced the expression of genes related to osteoclast activity, including a transcription factor involved in osteoclast differentiation (NFATc1), a fusion-related gene required for multinucleated cell formation (ATP6v0d2), and enzymes associated with bone matrix degradation (CTSK). Taken together, these findings suggest that Pj-EE can target several adverse effects of estrogen deficiency in immune, muscle, and bone systems. Therefore, this extract may be considered a dietary approach to support health during menopause.