Administrative law

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅶ
• Table of Cases = xxvii
• Table of Legislation = lxvii
• European Union Treaties and Conventions = lxxvii
• PART 1 : THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
• 1 THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW = 3
• 1 Introduction = 3
• 2 Dicey, Unitary Democracy and the Ultra Vires Principle = 4
• 1 The Basis of the Model = 4
• 2 The Implications of the Ultra Vires Model = 7
• 3 The Deficiencies of the Ultra Vires Model = 12
• 4 The Continuing Debate about the Ultra Vires Principle = 17
• 3 Rights, Legality and Abuse of Power = 20
• 1 The Nature of the Model = 20
• 2 The Meaning of a Rights-Based Approach = 21
• 3 The Justifications for a Rights-Based Approach = 24
• 4 Particular Implications of the Model－Ⅰ : Traditional Pluralism = 29
• 1 Intellectual Foundations = 29
• 2 Implications for Administrative Law = 32
• 5 Particular Implications of the Model-Ⅱ : Market-Orientated Pluralism = 38
• 1 Intellectual Foundations = 38
• 2 Implications for Administrative Law = 39
• 6 Particular Implications of the Model-Ⅲ : The Third Way = 43
• 1 Intellectual Foundations = 43
• 2 Implications for Administrative Law = 45
• 7 Conclusion = 45
• 2 THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM : AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE = 47
• 1 Introduction = 47
• 2 The Nineteenth Century = 47
• 1 Industrialisation and the Growth of Central Regulation = 47
• 2 The Machinery of Administration = 52
• 3 The Rationale for Administrative Growth = 56
• 4 Local Government = 58
• 5 The Evolution of Statutory Inquiries = 63
• 3 The Twentieth Century = 64
• 1 The Birth of the Welfare State and the Development of the Tribunal System = 64
• 2 Donoughmore, Franks, the 1980 Report and the 1988 Justice Report = 67
• 3 PARLIAMENT AND THE EXECUTIVE = 71
• 1 The Changing Pattern of Government = 71
• 2 The Foundations of Executive Power = 71
• 1 The Expansion of the Franchise and the Increase in the Area of Governmental Responsibility = 72
• 2 The Centralisation of Legislative Initiative = 74
• 3 The Development of the Party System = 76
• 3 The Role of the Legislature = 78
• 1 The Commons and Scrutiny = 78
• 2 The Commons and Legislation = 84
• 4 Reform of the House of Lords = 87
• 5 Conclusion = 89
• 4 AGENCIES, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVERSITY AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF GOVERNMENT = 91
• 1 The Reasons for the Creation of Agencies = 91
• 1 Fulton, Hiving Off and Agencies = 91
• 2 Rayner, Ibbs and Next Steps Agencies = 93
• 3 Agencies other than Next Steps Agencies = 94
• 4 Conclusion = 95
• 2 Terminology = 96
• 3 Two Types of Agency : Organisational Framework = 97
• 4 Agencies other than NSAs : Appointments, Accountability and Efficiency = 98
• 1 Appointments = 98
• 2 Control and Accountability = 99
• 3 Efficiency and Effectiveness = 102
• 5 Next Steps Agencies : Staffing, Accountability and Efficiency = 104
• 1 Staffing = 104
• 2 Control and Accountability = 104
• 3 The Citizen's Charter and Effectiveness = 107
• 4 The Next Steps for the Next Steps Agencies = 109
• 6 Agencies : Legal Status = 110
• 7 Agencies : Institutional Design and Legal Principle = 112
• 1 The Civil Aviation Authority = 112
• 2 Nationalisation and the Public Corporation = 115
• 3 Privatisation and Regulatory Control = 117
• 8 A Constitutional and Legal Framework for Agencies = 121
• 5 CONTRACT, SERVICE PROVISION AND GOVERNANCE = 123
• 1 Towards "Better Procurement" : The Framing of Government Procurement Policy = 123
• 1 Institutional Responsibility = 123
• 2 Guidelines on Procurement = 124
• 3 The Range of Procurement Options = 126
• 4 Contract and Government Contracts = 126
• 2 Towards "Better Government" : Contract and Service Provision by Central Government = 127
• 1 Contracting-Out : The Initial Conservative Policy = 128
• 2 Contracting-Out : The Labour Strategy = 129
• 3 Contracting-Out : Problems and Concerns = 132
• 4 Contracting-Out : Contract Formation and Legal Principle = 134
• 3 Public Private Partnerships and the Private Finance Initiative : Contract and Service Provision by Central Government = 136
• 4 Towards "Best Value" : Contract and Service Provision by Local Government = 138
• 1 The Provision of Local Services : The Market and the Conservative Government's Approach = 138
• 2 The Provision of Local Services : "Best Value" and the Labour Government's Approach = 142
• 5 The Private Finance Initiative : Contract and Service Provision by Local Government = 145
• 6 Contract, Service Provision and Governance = 146
• 1 Contract as an Instument of Policy = 146
• 2 The Source and Nature of Executive Power = 147
• 3 The Blurring of the Public/Private Divide and the Responsibility for Public Formation = 148
• 7 Making the Specific Contract : General Principles = 149
• 1 Capacity to Contract = 149
• 2 The Authority of an Agent = 154
• 3 Parliamentary Appropriation = 156
• 4 Proceedings Against the Crown = 157
• 8 Making the Specific Contract : Public Procurement, Consumer Protection and the EC = 157
• 1 The Object of the EC Rules = 158
• 2 The Application of the Treaty = 158
• 3 The Directives on Public Procurement = 159
• 4 The Application of the Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts = 162
• 9 Limits on Contractual Effectiveness : Crown Service = 162
• 1 The Existence of a Contract = 162
• 2 Dismissal of Crown Servants = 164
• 3 Arrears of Pay = 164
• 4 Statutory Protection = 165
• 6 LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY = 167
• 1 The Changing Pattern of Local Government = 167
• 2 Local Authorities : Structure, Organisation, Powers and Finance = 168
• 1 Structure = 168
• 2 Internal Organisation = 170
• 3 Functions and Powers = 173
• 4 Finances = 175
• 3 Local Governance : Agencies and Service Delivery = 178
• 4 Central-Local Relations and Democracy = 179
• 7 DEVOLUTION, WALES AND SCOTLAND = 185
• 1 Wales and Executive Devolution = 185
• 1 The Background = 185
• 2 The Composition of the Assembly = 186
• 3 The Operation of the Assembly = 187
• 4 The Powers of the Assembly : The Making of Secondary Legislation and the Consideration of Welsh Matters = 189
• 5 The Powers of the Assembly : Taking Over, or Transferring, the Functions of other Bodies and Institutional Oversight = 191
• 6 The Application of Community Law, Human Rights and International Obligations to the Assembly = 192
• 7 The Relationship between the Assembly and other Bodies in Wales = 193
• 8 The Relationship between the Assembly and Parliament = 194
• 9 Judicial Challenge to Assembly Competence = 195
• 10 Welsh Devolution : Some Reflections = 200
• 2 Scotland and Legislative Devolution = 202
• 1 The Background = 202
• 2 The Composition of the Scottish Parliament = 203
• 3 The Formal Operation of the Scottish Parliament = 204
• 4 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : Legislative Powers = 205
• 5 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : The Powers of the Executive = 209
• 6 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : Subordinate Legislation = 210
• 7 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : Money = 213
• 8 Political Challenge to the Competence of the Scottish Parliament = 215
• 9 Judicial Challenge to the Competence of the Scottish Parliament = 215
• 10 Scottish Devolution : Some Reflections = 219
• 8 INFORMATION, STANDARDS AND COMPLAINTS = 223
• 1 Freedom of Information : Rationale and Background = 223
• 1 The Rationale for Freedom of Information = 223
• 2 The Move Towards Freedom of Information Legislation in the UK = 224
• 2 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 = 225
• 3 Standards of Conduct in Public Life = 228
• 1 Cash, Sleaze and Concerns : The Development of the Administrative Machinery = 228
• 2 Nolan, Neill, Wicks and the Committee on Standards = 229
• 3 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Select Committee on Standards and Privileges = 231
• 4 Local Authorities and Standards of Conduct = 233
• 4 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration = 233
• 1 General = 233
• 2 Who and What can be Investigated? = 234
• 3 Matters excluded from the PCA's Jurisdiction = 237
• 4 The Complainant and the Procedure = 238
• 5 Remedies = 240
• 6 Workload = 241
• 7 The Select Committee on the PCA = 242
• 8 Judicial Review and the PCA = 243
• 9 The Role of the PCA = 243
• 5 The Health Service Commissioners = 246
• 6 Local Commissioners = 248
• 1 Scope of Authority = 248
• 2 The Commissioners, Internal Complaints Procedures and General Advice to Local Authorities = 249
• 7 Ombudsman : Looking to the Future = 252
• 9 TRIBUNALS AND INQUIRIES = 253
• 1 Statutory Tribunals = 253
• 1 Reasons for their Creation = 253
• 2 The Nature of Tribunals = 254
• 3 The Franks Report = 254
• 4 The Tribunal System = 257
• 5 Reform of Tribunals : The Leggatt Report = 271
• 2 Statutory Inquiries = 273
• 1 The Background = 273
• 2 The Franks Committee = 274
• 3 Inquiries : Practice and Procedure = 277
• 4 Related Types of Decision Making = 283
• 5 Supervision = 286
• 6 Planning Inquiries, the Government and the Public = 288
• 10 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY = 293
• 1 The Institutions = 293
• 1 The Council = 294
• 2 The Commission = 295
• 3 The European Parliament = 296
• 4 The European Council = 297
• 5 The European Court of Justice 298
• 2 The Legislative Process = 299
• 1 Five Procedures = 299
• 2 The Voting Requirements = 302
• 3 The Legal Order : Supremacy and Direct Effect = 303
• 1 Supremacy = 303
• 2 Direct Effect = 308
• 3 Direct Effect : Rights and Remedies = 322
• 4 The Impact of Community Law = 324
• 11 A CASE STUDY : COMPETITION AND REGULATION = 325
• 1 Competition : Whether to Regulate = 325
• 2 Competition : Who Should Regulate? = 326
• 3 Competition : How to Regulate = 328
• 1 Effectiveness and the Choice of the Legislative Criterion = 328
• 2 Procedure and Procedural Rights = 329
• 3 Defining the Public Interest : Rule Making and Discretion = 331
• 4 Defining the Public Interest : Politics, Policy and Justiciability = 332
• 5 Enforcement = 333
• 6 Accountability and Control = 334
• 7 The Importance of Competition Policy = 335
• 4 Utilities and Market Power : Whether to Regulate = 335
• 1 The Public Interest Rationale for Regulation = 336
• 2 The Private Interest Rationale for Regulation = 337
• 3 Natural Monopoly : Regulation or Structural Adjustment = 339
• 4 Whether to Regulate : The Government's Approach to Regulation = 341
• 5 Utilities Regulation : Political, Economic and Social Considerations = 343
• 6 Utilities Regulation : the Broader Context = 344
• 5 Utilities and Market Power : Who Should Regulate? = 345
• 1 The Common Law and the Courts = 345
• 2 Departmental Regulation = 347
• 3 Regulation by Tribunal or Board = 348
• 4 Public Ownership = 349
• 5 Privatisation and Agencies = 351
• 6 Utilities and Market Power : How to Regulate = 351
• 1 Selling State Assets : Constitutional Implications = 351
• 2 The Regulatory Regime : Legal Powers and Legal Constraints, the Initial Regime for Gas = 354
• 3 The Regulatory Regime : Legal Powers and Legal Constraints, the Modified Regime for Gas = 358
• 4 The Regulatory Regime : Institutional Design = 359
• 5 The Regulatory Regime : The Limits of Public Law = 362
• 6 The Regulatory Regime : The Citizen's Charter and Subsequent Legislation = 363
• 7 Conclusion = 364
• PART 2 : JUDICIAL REVIEW
• 12 RULE MAKING = 367
• 1 Introduction = 367
• 2 Delegated Legislation : History, Rationale and Form = 368
• 1 History = 368
• 2 Rationale and Constitutional Concerns = 369
• 3 Form = 370
• 3 Delegated Legislation : Passage and Publication = 371
• 1 The Statutory Instruments Act 1946 = 371
• 2 Publication and Making = 372
• 4 Delegated Legislation : Control by Parliament = 374
• 1 Scrutiny on the Floor of the House = 374
• 2 Scrutiny in Committee = 377
• 3 Scrutiny of Deregulation and Regulatory Reform Orders = 378
• 4 Scrutiny of European Legislation = 379
• 5 Delegated Legislation : Consultation = 380
• 1 Consultation Rights and Statute = 380
• 2 Consultation Rights and the Common Law = 381
• 3 Consultation Rights : Future Prospects = 383
• 4 Consultation Rights : Political Developments = 388
• 6 Delegated Legislation : Judicial Review = 388
• 1 Procedural Ultra Vires and Formal Invalidity = 388
• 2 Substantive Ultra Vires = 389
• 3 Delegation = 392
• 4 Remedies = 392
• 7 Delegated Legislation : Possible Reforms = 393
• 1 The Rippon Commission : Publication and Access to the Law = 394
• 2 The Rippon Commission : The Subject-Matter which should be scrutinised by Parliament = 394
• 3 The Rippon Commission : Debates on Statutory Instruments = 395
• 4 The Rippon Commission : Scrutiny by Committee = 395
• 5 The Rippon Commission : Consultation = 396
• 6 The Select Committee on Procedure = 397
• 7 The Cabinet Office = 398
• 8 Rules Made by the Administration = 398
• 1 Type and Rationale = 398
• 2 Legal Status = 399
• 3 Rules made by the Administration : Problems = 400
• 4 Rules made by the Administration : Possible Solutions = 402
• 9 The Impact of Community Law = 405
• 13 NATURAL JUSTICE : HEARINGS = 407
• 1 Introduction 407
• 1 Historical Development = 407
• 2 The Rationale for Procedural Rights = 408
• 2 Limitation of the Principle = 409
• 1 Administrative versus Judicial = 409
• 2 Rights and Remedies = 410
• 3 Rights versus Privileges = 410
• 4 Statutory Hearings and Inquiries = 410
• 3 The Principle Revived = 411
• 1 Ridge v Baldwin = 411
• 2 The Importance of Ridge v Baldwin = 412
• 4 Applicability of Procedural Protections : Differing Approaches = 413
• 1 Categorisation : Administrative versus Judicial versus Legislative = 413
• 2 Categorisation : Rights and Privileges = 414
• 3 Natural Justice and Fairness = 415
• 5 Applicability of Procedural Protection : Rights, Interests and Legitimate Expectations = 418
• 1 The Nature of the Individuals' Interest : Rights = 418
• 2 The Nature of the Individuals' Interest : The Meaning of "Interest" = 418
• 3 The Nature of the Individuals' Interest : Legitimate Expectation = 419
• 4 The Nature of the Individuals' Interest : The Applicability of Art. 6(1) - Civil Rights and Obligations = 421
• 6 The Content of Procedural Protection : Balancing = 425
• 1 Balancing : The Factors taken into Account = 425
• 2 Balancing : Preliminary Hearings - An Example = 426
• 3 Balancing : The Issue of Causation = 426
• 4 Balancing : The Nature of the Balancing Process = 428
• 7 Content of Procedural Protection : Specific Procedural Norms = 432
• 1 Notice = 432
• 2 The Hearing = 433
• 3 Representation = 435
• 4 Reasons = 436
• 5 Appeals and Rehearing = 444
• 6 Deciding Without Hearing = 444
• 7 The ECHR and the Content of Procedural Rights = 445
• 8 Content of Natural Justice : Specific Areas = 446
• 1 Employment = 446
• 2 Students = 448
• 3 Licensing = 448
• 4 Discipline = 449
• 5 Aliens = 450
• 9 Fairness : Non-Adjudicative Procedures = 451
• 10 Conclusion = 455
• 14 NATURAL JUSTICE : BIAS AND INDEPENDENCE = 457
• 1 Introduction = 457
• 2 Bias : Personal Interest = 457
• 1 Pecuniary Interest = 457
• 2 Other Personal Interests = 459
• 3 Bias : Institutional = 459
• 1 Prosecutor and Judge = 459
• 2 Institutional Opinion = 460
• 4 Bias : The Test for Bias = 461
• 1 Past Confusion = 461
• 2 From Gough to Porter = 462
• 5 Bias : Exceptions = 464
• 1 Necessity = 464
• 2 Statute = 464
• 3 Waiver = 465
• 6 The HRA and ECHR : "An Independent and Impartial Tribunal Established by Law" = 465
• 1 Article 6(1) : The ECHER Legal Requirements = 465
• 2 Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts : Fairness and Waiver = 467
• 3 Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts : Planning and the Distinction between Policy and Fact Finding = 467
• 4 Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts : Housing and the Re-evaluation of the Policy/Fact-Finding Distinction = 471
• 5 Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts : Conclusion = 473
• 7 A Common Law Requirement of "An Independent and Impartial Tribunal" = 473
• 15 JURISDICTION = 475
• 1 Introduction = 475
• 2 Theories of Jurisdiction = 476
• 1 Collateral Fact Doctrine = 477
• 2 Limited Review = 479
• 3 Extensive Review : The Academic Argument = 482
• 4 Extensive Review : The Judicial Argument = 485
• 5 Conclusion = 489
• 3 Case Law History = 490
• 1 Limited Intervention = 490
• 2 Collateral or Preliminary Fact Cases = 491
• 3 Reconciliation? = 492
• 4 The Current Case Law = 492
• 5 Error of Law Within Jurisdiction = 500
• 6 Statutory Review = 501
• 7 Review of Fact and Evidence = 502
• 4 The Test for Review : Policy Considerations = 510
• 1 Clearing the Deck : the Demise of the Collateral Fact Doctrine and Limited Review = 510
• 2 Judicial Control and Agency Autonomy : Remembering the Past when Constructing the Future = 510
• 3 The Modern Law : Review for Errors of Law = 511
• 4 A Middle Way : Rightness and Rational Basis = 513
• 5 The Middle Way : Concerns = 516
• 6 Conclusion = 518
• 16 FAILURE TO EXERCISE DISCRETION = 521
• 1 Introduction = 521
• 1 Discretion : Types of Constraint = 521
• 2 Discretion : The Rationale for Intervention = 522
• 2 Delegation = 522
• 1 General Principles = 522
• 2 Agency and Delegation = 523
• 3 Government Departments = 526
• 4 Statutory Power = 530
• 3 Fettering of Discretion : Rules, Policies and Discretion = 530
• 1 An Existing Rule or Policy : The Present Law = 530
• 2 No Existing Rule or "Insufficient" Rules = 536
• 4 Fettering of Discretion : Contracts and the Exercise of Discretion = 540
• 1 The Problem = 540
• 2 The Criterion for Deciding whether the Contract must Fall = 541
• 3 Compensation = 545
• 4 The Position of the Crown = 548
• 17 ABUSE OF DISCRETION : ILLEGALITY = 551
• 1 Illegality and Irrationality = 551
• 2 Intensity of Review = 552
• 3 Reasonableness : The Two Meanings = 552
• 4 The Types of Power that can be Controlled = 554
• 5 Illegality : Common Law Constraints = 555
• 1 Improper Purposes = 555
• 2 Relevancy = 559
• 3 Bad Faith = 562
• 6 Human Rights : The Common Law Background = 562
• 1 The Common Law Jurisprudence = 562
• 2 The Secondary Literature = 565
• 3 The Legal Status of Rights at Common Law : An Evaluation = 567
• 7 Illegality : The Human Rights Act 1998 = 568
• 1 The Status of European Convention of Human Rights prior to the HRA = 568
• 2 The HRA : "Bringing Rights Home" = 569
• 3 Legislation : The Interpretative Obligation and the Declaration of Incompatibility : The Provisions in the HRA = 570
• 4 Legislation : The Interpretative Obligation and the Declaration of Incompatibility : The Courts' Approach = 572
• 5 Legislation : The Interpretative Obligation and the Declaration of Incompatibility : Conclusions from and Reflections on the Courts' Jurisprudence = 577
• 6 Acts of Public Authorities : A New Head of Illegality = 579
• 7 The Courts' Task under ss.3 to 4, and s.6 = 580
• 8 The Standard of Judicial Review : The Differences between the Convention Articles = 582
• 9 The Standard of Judicial Review : The Margin of Appreciation and the Domestic Concept of Deference/Discretionary Area of Judgment = 583
• 10 The Standard of Judicial Review : The Judicial Review : The Judicial Interpretation of Proportionality under the HRA = 585
• 11 The Standard of Judicial Review : Conclusions from and Reflections on the Courts' Jurisprudence = 588
• 12 Acts of Public Authorities : The Scope of s.6 = 592
• 13 Acts of Public Authorities : The Horizontal Effect of the Human Rights Act = 599
• 14 Acts of Public Authorities : Proceedings and Standing under s.6 = 601
• 15 Acts of Public Authorities : The Remedies for Breach of s.6 = 603
• 8 Illegality and Rights : The EC Dimension = 604
• 18 ABUSE OF DISCRETION : IRRATIONALITY, REASONABLENESS AND PROPORTIONALITY = 609
• 1 Irrationality : The Limits of Judicial Intervention = 609
• 2 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : Its Past, Present and Future = 610
• 1 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : The Touchstone of Legitimate Judicial Intervention = 610
• 2 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : The Present Law = 612
• 3 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : The Future of the Test = 616
• 3 Proportionality : Status, Meaning and Application = 617
• 1 Legal Status of Proportionality = 618
• 2 Proportionality : Place and Meaning = 622
• 3 Proportionality : Application = 623
• 4 Proportionality : The EC Dimension = 625
• 4 Reasonableness, Proportionality and Review = 628
• 1 The Retention of Traditional Wednesbury alongside Proportionality = 628
• 2 The Retention of Modified Wednesbury alongside Proportionality = 629
• 3 Proportionality as the General Criterion of Review = 630
• 5 Substantive Control, Separation of Powers and the Limits of Judicial Review = 632
• 6 The Inter-relationship between Procedural and Substantive Principles of Review = 635
• 19. ABUSE OF DISCRETION, LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS AND EQUALITY = 639
• 1 Legal Certainty, Legitimate Expectations and Equality : Intra Vires Representations = 639
• 1 The Nature of the Problem = 639
• 2 The Type of Case = 641
• 3 The Arguments for and Against the Existence in Principle of Substantive Legitimate Expectations = 642
• 4 The Case Law : The Stucture of the Analysis = 646
• 5 The Case Law : The Law Prior to Coughlan = 646
• 6 The Case Law : Coughlan = 649
• 7 The Case Law : The Determination of whether an Expectation is Reasonable and Legitimate = 651
• 8 The Case Law : The Standard of Review Applied in the Cases when the Administration Seeks to Defeat a Legitimate Expectation = 652
• 9 The Case Law : The Standard of Review that should be Applied when the Administration Seeks to Defeat a Legitimate Expectation = 654
• 10 The Case Law : Remission of the Case for Reconsideration by the Public Body = 657
• 11 The Case Law : Changes in Policy = 657
• 12 The Case Law : Departure from an Existing Policy 658
• 13 The Case Law : Going Back on Individualised Representations = 660
• 14 The Case Law : Decisions, Final Determinations and Estoppel by Record = 662
• 2 Legal Certainty and Legitimate Expectations : Ultra Vires Representations = 665
• 1 Ultra Vires Representations : The Present Law = 665
• 2 Ultra Vires Representations : A Re-assessment of the Jurisdictional Principle = 671
• 3 Approach 1 : Limited Qualifications to the Jurisdictional Principle = 674
• 4 Approach 2 : Balancing the Public and Individual Interest = 675
• 5 Approach 3 : Compensation = 680
• 3 Equality = 681
• 1 Domestic Law : Formal Equality = 681
• 2 Domestic Law : A Common Law Principle of Treating Like Groups Alike in Judicial Review Cases = 681
• 3 Domestic Law : Statutory Intervention and Statutory Interpretation = 683
• 4 Domestic Law : The Impact of the HRA and ECHR = 683
• 5 Community Law = 685
• 20 INVALIDITY = 687
• 1 Direct and Collateral Attack = 687
• 1 Classification = 687
• 2 The Relationship between Direct and Collateral Attack : The General Principle = 688
• 3 The Relationship Between Direct and Collateral Attack : Qualifications to the General Principle = 690
• 2 Void and Voidable : Correct and Incorrect Uses = 692
• 1 Void : A Relative not Absolute Concept = 692
• 2 The Decision as to whether an Error Renders the Administrative Act Void = 694
• 3 The Consequences of Holding that an Act is Void = 695
• 4 Voidable : Different Uses = 696
• 3 Void and Voidable : Theory, Reality and Judicial Discretion = 698
• 1 The Reasons for Judicial Departure from the Traditional Meanings of Void and Voidable : Administrative Convenience, Justice and Rigidity = 699
• 2 Resolving the Problem = 701
• 4 Void and Voidable : Natural Justice = 704
• 1 Hearings = 704
• 2 Bias = 705
• 3 Waiver = 706
• 5 Problems of Proof = 707
• 1 The Burden of Proof = 707
• 2 Validity Pending Determination = 709
• 3 Partial Invalidity = 712
• PART 3 : REMEDIES
• 21 REMEDIES : STANDING = 717
• 1 Introduction = 717
• 2 The Position before 1978 = 717
• 1 Certiorari = 718
• 2 Prohibition = 718
• 3 Mandamus = 719
• 4 Injunction and Declaration = 719
• 3 The Attorney-General, Public Authorities and Statutory Appeals = 722
• 1 Attorney-General = 722
• 2 Public Authorities = 723
• 3 Statutory Appeals = 724
• 4 Standing in Judicial Review Actions = 726
• 1 Introduction = 726
• 2 The IRC Case = 727
• 3 Interpretation of the Test = 731
• 4 Locus Standi under the Human Rights Act 1998 = 737
• 5 Locus Standi Outside s.31 = 738
• 5 Intervention in Judicial Review Actions = 739
• 6 The Function of Standing = 740
• 1 Vindication of Private Rights = 740
• 2 Fusion of Standing and Merits = 742
• 3 Citizen Action = 743
• 4 Injury in Fact = 749
• 7 Standing and Intervention : Looking to the Future = 750
• 1 Standing = 750
• 2 Standing : Individuals and Groups = 751
• 3 Intervention = 753
• 22 THE JUDICIAL REMEDIES = 755
• 1 Certiorari/Quashing Order and Prohibition/Prohibiting Order = 755
• 1 Introduction = 755
• 2 The Scope of Certiorari/Quashing Orders and Prohibition/Prohibiting Orders = 757
• 3 Grounds for the Award of Certiorari and Prohibition = 763
• 4 Limitations on the Grant of the Remedies = 763
• 5 The Effect of an Award of Certiorari/Quashing Order = 765
• 2 Mandamus/Mandatory Order = 766
• 1 Introduction = 766
• 2 The Ambit of Mandamus/Mandatory Order = 767
• 3 Limits on the Availability of Mandamus = 769
• 3 Declaration = 770
• 1 Introduction = 770
• 2 The Scope of Declaration = 771
• 3 Limits on the Availability of Declaration = 773
• 4 The Impact of the Declaration = 779
• 5 Practice and Procedure = 779
• 4 Injunction = 780
• 1 Introduction = 780
• 2 The Types of Injunction = 781
• 3 The Scope of Injunctive Relief = 781
• 4 Limits to Injunctive Relief = 784
• 5 Practice and Procedure = 785
• 5 Other Remedies = 785
• 1 Habeas Corpus = 785
• 2 Private Law Remedies = 787
• 3 Default Powers = 787
• 23 REMEDIES AND REFORM = 789
• 1 The Impetus for Reform = 789
• 1 The Need for Reform = 789
• 2 The Legal Foundations of the Existing Procedure = 790
• 3 The Application/Claim for Judicial Review = 791
• 4 O'Reilly v Mackman = 792
• 2 The Exceptions : "Getting Out" of the Judicial Review Procedure = 793
• 1 The Reasons for Seeking to Proceed outside s.31 = 793
• 2 Collateral Attack and Private Rights : The Initial Approach = 794
• 3 Collateral Attack and Private Rights : The Broadening of the Exception = 795
• 4 Collateral Attack : Beyond Private Rights = 798
• 5 The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 = 800
• 6 The Impact of the CPR = 801
• 7 Summary = 802
• 8 An Assessment = 803
• 3 Public Law Cases : "Getting Into" the Judicial Review Procedure = 805
• 1 The Reasons for Wishing to Use the s.31 Procedure = 805
• 2 Public Law : Possible Tests = 806
• 3 The Boundaries of Public Law = 808
• 4 An Evaluation of the Present Law = 822
• 1 The Unavoidable Issue : Which Bodies are Amenable to Review? = 822
• 2 The Central Issue : Do Public Bodies Require Special Protection? = 822
• 3 Protecting Public Bodies : Permission = 823
• 4 Protecting Public Bodies : Time Limits = 830
• 5 The Exclusivity Principle = 835
• 6 Disclosure and Inspection = 836
• 7 Conclusion = 838
• 5 Procedure = 838
• 1 Permission = 838
• 2 The Substantive Hearing = 839
• 3 Discretion to Refuse Relief = 840
• 6 The Effect of Alternative Remedies = 841
• 1 Choice of Remedies under CPR Pt 54 = 841
• 2 Alternative Statutory Remedies = 842
• 3 Conclusion = 844
• 7 Conclusion = 844
• 24 REMEDIES : EXCLUSION OF REVIEW = 847
• 1 Complete Exclusion = 847
• 1 Finality Clauses = 847
• 2 "No Certiorari" Clauses = 848
• 3 "Shall not be Questioned" Clauses = 849
• 4 "As if Enacted" and "Conclusive Evidence" = 849
• 5 Statutory Intervention = 851
• 6 The Effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 = 851
• 2 Time Limits = 852
• 3 Conclusion = 853
• 1 Complete Ouster Clauses = 853
• 2 Time Limits = 855
• 25 PUBLIC INTEREST IMMUNITY AND CROWN LIABILITY = 857
• 1 Public Interest Immunity = 857
• 1 "Crown Privilege" = 857
• 2 From Crown Privilege to Public Interest Immunity = 858
• 3 Public Interest Immunity : The Type of Body which can claim Immunity = 860
• 4 Public Interest Immunity and Confidentiality = 861
• 5 Public Interest Immunity : Duty or Discretion = 862
• 6 Public Interest Immunity : Duty, Discretion and the ECHR = 863
• 7 Public Interest Immunity : The Change in Governmental Approach = 864
• 8 Public Interest Immunity : The Balancing Process = 865
• 9 Public Interest Immunity : Inspection = 868
• 2 Statutes and the Crown = 871
• 1 Statutes Binding the Crown = 871
• 2 Statutes Benefiting the Crown = 872
• 3 Procedure, Remedies and the Crown = 873
• 1 General = 873
• 2 Injunctions and Interim Relief = 874
• 3 Contempt = 879
• 26 TORT AND RESTITUTION = 881
• 1 The Foundations of the Present Law and the Available Options = 881
• 2 Breach of Statutory Duty = 883
• 3 Damages and the Human Rights Act = 885
• 4 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : A Summary = 888
• 1 Negligence and Statutory Duties : X v Bedfordshire = 888
• 2 Negligence and Statutory Powers : X and Stovin and Cases of Misfeasance = 889
• 3 Negligence and Statutory Powers : Stovin and Cases of Nonfeasance = 890
• 4 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : Barrett and Phelps = 891
• 5 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : The Case Law = 893
• 1 The Existence of the Duty of Care : General = 893
• 2 The Existence and Ambit of the Duty of Care : Statutory Interpretation = 894
• 3 The Existence and Ambit of the Duty of Care : Discretion and Justiciability = 895
• 4 The Existence and Ambit of the Duty of Care : The Application of the Fair, Just and Reasonableness Test = 899
• 5 The Determination of Breach of a Duty of Care = 902
• 6 The Distinction between Misfeasance and Nonfeasance = 902
• 7 The Impact of the ECHR = 904
• 8 Ultra Vires and Negligence = 906
• 6 Misfeasance in Public Office = 908
• 1 The Two Limbs of the Tort = 909
• 2 The Case Law : The Nature of the First Limb and the Relationship between the Two Limbs = 910
• 3 Three Rivers and the Test for Misfeasance in Public Office = 912
• 7 Statutory Authorisation and Lawful Governmental Action = 914
• 1 Statutory Authority and Nuisance = 914
• 2 Statutory Authority and Rylands v Fletcher = 918
• 8 The Crown = 919
• 9 Judicial Immunity = 921
• 10 Restitution = 921
• 1 Duress = 922
• 2 Mistake = 923
• 3 Recovery for Ultra Vires Demands = 924
• 4 Discretionary Payments = 927
• 5 Restitution from the Individual = 928
• 11 Community Law : Damages, Liability and Recovery of Money = 928
• 1 Francovich = 928
• 2 Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame = 930
• 3 The Implications for Domestic Law = 934
• 4 Recovery of Money = 935
• 12 Reform = 936
• 1 Options for Reform = 936
• 2 Compensation via a Risk Theory = 936
• 3 Compensation for Invalidity = 937
• 4 Compensation on an Ex Gratia Basis = 940
• 5 The Impact of Community Law and Convention Jurisprudence = 940
• 6 Conclusion = 941
• Index = 943