대학생과 노인의 지혜에 대한 탐색적 연구 = Exploring the Wisdom of Old People and College Students

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to compare the wisdom of old people and college students and to investigate the relations of wisdom, openness to experience, and self-transcendence. Seventy-four college students and fifty-six old people were measured their level of wisdom on Korean Wisdom Scale(Kim, 2008). It was found that old people got higher scores than college students on four areas of the Korean Wisdom Scale, especially in ‘self-control and balance’ factor. Also old people showed higher scores in self-transcendence than college students. Comparing the judgments on four hypothetical life dilemma situations, old people judged the protagonists less responsible for the dilemma than college students. Old people gave more weights on concerns for other people as best solutions whereas college students more on protagonist-oriented solutions. Wisdom was related positively both to self-transcendence and to openness to experience in old people, but wisdom was related positively only to self-transcendence in college students. Limitations of this study, its implications and suggestions for further research were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 대학생과 노인을 대상으로 지혜의 정도가 어떻게 다른지, 그에 따라 다양한 삶의 딜레마 상황에서 주인공들의 입장을 고려하여 어떤 판단을 하는지, 아울러 개방성과 자기초월이 지혜와 어떤 관계를 보이는지를 살핌으로써 지혜의 기능을 탐색해보고자 하였다. 노인은 대학생에 비해 지혜의 모든 하위요인에서 높은 점수를 나타내었는데 특히 절제와 균형 요인에서 가장 큰 차이를 보였다. 노인은 대학생에 비해 자기초월점수도 더 높은 것으로 나타났으나 경험에 대한 개방성에서는 두 집단 간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 삶의 딜레마 상황에서 노인들은 대학생에 비해 문제가 발생하게 된 원인이 상황 속 인물들에게 있는 정도를 더 낮게 평가하였고 그 인물들이 느끼는 부정적 정서도 적게 보고하였다. 각 상황에서 도움이 되는 해결방안에 대한 판단에서도 노인집단과 대학생집단은 차이가 있었다. 노인과 대학생 모두 지혜는 자기초월과 정적 상관을 보였으나, 개방성은 노인의 지혜와만 정적 상관을 보였다. 노인의 경우에는 연령과 지혜 간에 상관이 없었으나 대학생의 경우에는 연령이 높을수록 지혜점수가 더 높아 노인과 대학생간에 차이를 보였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김민희, "한국인의 지혜 개념 탐색과 중노년기 삶에서 지혜의 의미" 서울대학교 2008

2 유태용, "요인 성격 검사의 개발 및 타당화 연구" 10 (10): 85-102, 1997

3 권유경, "삼세대간 지혜와 지능의 발달 비교" 9 (9): 1-19, 1996

4 이수림, "나이듦과 지혜: 성공적 노화의 통합적 개념화" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 13 (13): 65-87, 2007

5 성기월, "‘한국노인의 지혜척도’ 개발에 관한 연구" 한국노년학회 30 (30): 65-80, 2010

6 Kunzmann, U., "Wisdomrelated knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates" 29 : 1104-1119, 2003

7 Holliday, S. G., "Wisdom: explorations in adult competence" Karger 1986

8 Baltes, P. B., "Wisdom: A metaheuristic(Pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence" 55 : 122-136, 2000

9 Smith, J., "Wisdom-related knowledge: Age/cohort differences in response to life-planning problems" 26 (26): 494-505, 1990

10 Staudinger, U. M., "Wisdom-related knowledge in a life review task: Age differences and the role of professional specialization" 7 (7): 271-281, 1992

11 Sternberg, R. J., "Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized" Cambridge University Press 2003

12 Baltes, P. B., "Wisdom, In Encyclopedia of aging(2nd ed.)" Springer 971-974, 1995

13 Kwon, "Wisdom in korean families: Its development, correlates, and consequences for life adaptation" Cornell University 1995

14 Chandler, M. J., "Wisdom in a postapocalyptic age, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 121-141, 1990

15 Labouvie-Vief, G., "Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 52-83, 1990

16 Ardelt, M., "Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept" 47 : 257-285, 2004

17 Kramer, D. A., "Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry" 19 : 83-101, 2000

18 Moody, H. R., "Wisdom and the search for meaning" 1983

19 Meacham, J. A., "Wisdom and the Context of Knowledge: knowing that one doesn’t know, In On the Development of developmental psychology" Karger 111-134, 1983

20 Baltes, P. B., "Wisdom and successful aging" University of Nebraska Press 39 : 123-167, 1992

21 Kichener, K. S., "Wisdom and reflective judgment: Knowing in the face of uncertainty, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 212-229, 1990

22 Ardelt, M., "Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age" 52 : 15-27, 1997

23 Clayton, V. P., "Wisdom and intelligence: the nature and function of knowledge in the later years" 15 : 315-321, 1982

24 Snyder, C. R., "Wisdom and Courage, In Positive psychology: the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths" 209-242, 2007

25 Kekes, J., "Wisdom" 20 (20): 277-286, 1983

26 Assmann, A., "Wholesome knowledge: Concept of wisdom in an historical and cross-cultural perspective, In Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 12)" Erlbaum 186-224, 1994

27 Staudinger, U. M., "What predicts wisdomrelated performance? A first look at personality, intelligence, and facilitative experiential contexts" 12 : 1-17, 1998

28 Jung, C. G., "Two essays on analytical psychology" Pantheon Books 1953

29 Dixon, R. A., "Toward life-span research on the functions and pragmatics of intelligence, In Practical intelligence: Origins of comperence in the everyday world" Cambridge University Press 203-235, 1986

30 Schaie, K. W., "Toward a stage theory of adult cognitive development" 8 : 129-138, 1977

31 Baltes, P. B., "Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 87-120, 1990

32 Dittmann-Kohli, F., "Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth, In Beyond formal operations: alternative endpoints to human development" Oxford University Press 1990

33 Orwoll, L., "The study of wise persons: Integrating a personality perspective, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 160-177, 1990

34 Baltes, P. B., "The search for a psychology of wisdom" 2 : 1-6, 1993

35 Staudinger, U, M., "The psychometric location of wisdomrelated performance: Intelligence, personality, and more" 23 (23): 1200-1214, 1997

36 Pasupathi, M., "The emergence of wisdom-related knowledge and judgment during adolescence" Max Planck Institute for Human Development 1999

37 Clayton, V. P., "The development of wisdom across the life span: A reexamination of an ancient topic, In Life-span development and behavior (Vol.3)" Academic Press 103-135, 1980

38 Labouvie-Vief, G., "Speaking about feelings: Conceptions of emotion across the life span" 4 : 425-437, 1989

39 Levenson, M. R., "Self-transcendence: Conceptualizations and measurements" 60 (60): 127-143, 2005

40 Levenson, M. R., "Self-trancendence: Theory and measurement" 2002

41 Costa, P. T., "Revised NEO Personality Inventory(NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory(NEO-FFI)" Psychological Assessment Resources 1992

42 Grossmann, I., "Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age" 107 (107): 7246-7250, 2010

43 Helson, R., "Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings" 4 (4): 1-15, 1997

44 Seligman, M. E. P., "Positive psychology: An introduction" 55 : 5-14, 2000

45 Denny, N. W., "Perceptions of wisdom: What is it and who has it" 2 : 37-47, 1995

46 Staudinger, U, M, "Older and wiser? Intergrating results on the relationship between age and wisdom-related performance" 23 : 641-664, 1999

47 Baltes, P. B., "New perspectives on the development of intelligence in adulthood: Toward a dual-process conception and a model of selective optimization with compensation, In Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 6)" Academic Press 33-76, 1984

48 안창규, "NEO-PI-R의 한국표준화를 위한 연구" 9 (9): 443-473, 1997

49 Sternberg, R. J., "Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom" 49 : 607-627, 1985

50 Erikson, E. H., "Identity: Youth and crisis" W. W. Norton 1968

51 Erikson, E. H., "Identity and the life cycle" International University Press 1959

52 Tornstam, L., "Gerotranscendence: A theoretical and empirical exploration, In Aging and the religious dimension" Auburn House 1994

53 Heckhausen, J., "Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups" 25 : 109-121, 1989

54 Ardelt, M., "Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale" 25 : 275-324, 2003

55 Staudinger, U. M., "Correlates of wisdom-related performance in adolescence and adulthood: Age-graded paths towards desirable development" 13 (13): 239-268, 2003

56 Kramer, D. A., "Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 279-313, 1990

57 Ardelt, M., "Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well" 22 : 360-394, 2000

58 Webster, J. D., "An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale" 10 : 13-22, 2003

59 Pascual-Leone, J., "An essay on wisdom: Toward organismic processes that make it possible, In Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development" Cambridge University Press 244-278, 1990

60 Bacelar, W. T., "Age differences in adult cognitive complexity: The role of life experiences and personality" Rutgers University 1998

61 Aspinwall, L. G., "A psychology of human strengths: Some central issues of an emerging field, In A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology" APA Books 9-22, 2003

62 Lyster, T. L., "A nomination approach to the study of wisdom in old age" Concoria University 1996

63 Kramer, D. A., "A measure of paradigm beliefs about the social world" 47 : 180-189, 1992

64 Carstensen, L. L., "A life-span approach to social motivation, In Motivation and self-regulation across the life span" Cambridge University Press 1998

65 Le, T. N., "A Cross-Cultural Study of Practical and Transcendent Wisdom" University of California 2004