The aim of this study ist to comparatively study on immigrant political rights in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Even though Korea is becoming as a multi-cultual and m...
The aim of this study ist to comparatively study on immigrant political rights in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Even though Korea is becoming as a multi-cultual and multi-ethnic society, there have been relatively little efforts on carefully assessing and examining diverse issues on multicultualism or multiethnicism in a Korea society. This study tries to fill in a gap in multi-cultural studies in Korea, by examining issues related to political rights of immigrants in the nine countries.
As a society becomes multi-cultural, it has to necessarily deal with different types of rights demanded by its immigrants. Korea, as a multicultural society, is also experiencing similar demands by immigrants, regarding economic, political, social, cultural, legal, and political rights. By focusing on one of immigrants rights in an American multi-cultural society, which is political rights (esp., voting rights), this study provides some lessons on how a multi-cultural Korea deals with the embedded issues of immigrants rights in a society.
Immigrants have not been able to participate in national election and local election in France and the UK, but immigrants from the Commonwealth countries can obtain voting rights in the UK elections by registration. The voting rights and eligibility of election of European citizens have been limited in local election in the countries. Germany has granted EU citizen a local voting right and electoral eligibility through the amendment of fundamental law in 1992. With multi-cultural society arrived, German progressive parties have been constantly submitting bills regarding a grant of local voting right to immigrants.
Although there are lots of foreigners in Japan, they do not have a right to vote yet. It is true that a deep-rooted 'one ethnic myth' still exists in Japanese community. A lawsuit against political rights has been filed, mainly by Korean resident in Japan, but it was turned down all the time. Gradually, however, European judicial interpretation and conventional wisdom of immigrant franchise issue have been accepted in Japan. Considering a low percentage of representation in the parliaments and political parties in Australia, the immigrants are political minorities in comparison with their population and also their political participation in Australia is still being marginalized.
As foreign residents increased, who have different culture, integration of immigrants came to the fore as the main issue of Belgian society and granting suffrage to non-nationals emerged as one of the solutions. Foreigners' suffrage matter was discussed since the end of 1970s. After long debates, in 2004, the Belgian election law amended and voting rights were given to foreigners who have their residence in Belgium more than 5 years.
As immigrants increased, multi-cultural and equal opportunity policies has been important social issue in the Netherlands. From 1970s, political rights of immigrants was discussed. Consequently active and passive voting rights in municipal elections are conceded in 1985 to foreign residents who have legally resided in the Netherlands for a minimum of five consecutive.
When EU member states started intense debates on offering political rights to foreign national inhabitants after the treaty of Maastricht, Luxembourg government kept pace with its neighbour and granted the suffrage to foreigners. Since 2003, immigrants who reside more than 5years in Luxembourg, whether (s)he is EU citizen or not, can vote in local election.