Background: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA- ECMO) can increase left ventricular (LV) afterload via retrograde aortic flow, contributing to LV distension and pulmonary congestion; therefore, LV unloading has been used to mitigate ...
Background: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA- ECMO) can increase left ventricular (LV) afterload via retrograde aortic flow, contributing to LV distension and pulmonary congestion; therefore, LV unloading has been used to mitigate these complications, although outcome data remain inconsistent across studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of LV unloading with early mortality in adult VA-ECMO patients, including technique-specific (IABP vs microaxial flow pump (Impella) vs left atrial (LA) drainage) and timing (prophylactic/early vs reactive) comparisons.
Methods: This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251145299) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidance. MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2024. Eligible studies included adult (≥18 years) VA-ECMO cohorts reporting mortality outcomes with extractable data. Random-effects meta-analyses pooled risk ratios (RR) with heterogeneity quantified by I² and τ². ICU, in-hospital, and 30-day mortality were defined a priori as early mortality.
Results: 18 studies (3,199 patients) were included. In the primary pooled analysis (13 studies; n=2,351), LV unloading was associated with lower early mortality than VA-ECMO alone (RR=0.85, 95% CI 0.78–0.93; I²=32%; moderate certainty). Technique-specific subgroup analyses showed pooled associations favoring IABP (5 studies; RR=0.84, 95% CI 0.76–0.94; I²=0%) and Impella (6 studies; RR=0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.99; I²=60%), while transseptal LA drainage showed an imprecise neutral estimate (3 studies; RR=1.00, 95% CI 0.64–1.55; I²=75%); subgroup differences were not significant (Q=0.571, df=2, p=0.7517). Among 7 studies comparing LV unloading timing, prophylactic unloading was associated with lower early mortality than reactive unloading (RR=0.80, 95% CI 0.68–0.94; I²=39%; low certainty).
Conclusions: In adult VA-ECMO patients, LV unloading was associated with a modest reduction in early mortality compared with VA-ECMO alone. Technique-specific pooled estimates differed, but comparative superiority across modalities was not supported by subgroup testing, and estimates for transseptal LA drainage were limited by imprecision and heterogeneity. Prophylactic LV unloading was associated with lower early mortality than reactive initiation, although certainty was low and timing definitions varied across studies. Further prospective studies with standardized definitions and robust methods addressing time-dependent bias are warranted to clarify optimal patient selection, modality, and timing.