스포츠 조직 내에서의 성원교체 현상에 대한 조직사회학적 고찰 = A Preliminary Research on the Phenomenon of Member Replacement in Sport Organization

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The primary purpose of this study was to determine through a review of literature the degree of empirical support for the hypothesized correlates of replacement rates in sport organizations and to suggest the future directions in the studies of replacement process. Although a degree of empirical support was found for assumptions, the evidence was usually of a correlatinal nature, which precludes all but the most dubious inferences about the causal nature of the relationships.
This study deals with managerial succession in relation to organizational effectiveness. Interest in this problem began with Grusky's study (1963b) of major league baseball teams. A negative correlation is found between rates of managerial succession and effectiveness and change in succession rate and change in organizational effectiveness among sixteen professional baseball teams examined over two time periods. In a critique of Grusky's article, Gamson and Scotch(1964) challenged his theory that frequent managerial changes will induce greater team failure.
After Grusky's study, many studies supported and rebuked his findings. The pilot studies of Peckham(1970) examined managerial changes in professional baseball. Peckham found, contrary to Grusky, that team performance usually improved following a managerial change and that there was no significant difference between team effectiveness following external or internal managerial succession. Theberge and Loy(1976) also examined managerial changes in professional baseball and found support for the general hypothesis that managerial change was correlated in the predicted direction with three measures of organizational effectiveness: percent of games won, league standing, and games behind the first-place team. However, they found no statistically significant differences between the type of managerial change and the three performance measures. And Eitzen and Yetman(1972) also replicated Grusky's initial investigation by analyzing college basketball records for four decades.
In short, future studies of replacement processes in sport organizations give greater attention to both theoretical and methodological issues. For example, McPherson(1976) has suggested that future studies should examine 1) the effect of trading for futrue draft choices; 2) the impact of the mechanism of player turnover(i.e. draft, trade, promotion, or retirement); 3) the impact of personnel turnover on team effectiveness over a long period of time.
In all of these studies, a comparative analysis with a variety of sport organizations should be initiated to control for sport-specific phenomena. Cross-cultural studies might also prove fruitful in the sport domain. In short, research regarding replacement processes in sport organizations has hardly begun.