(The)Early sociology of religion . 1-5

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• 1 INTRODUCTION : THE STUDY OF RELIGION / Bryan S. Turner = 1
• 2 THE DEFINITION OF TOTEMISM / A. R. Brown = 15
• 3 DE LA D$$E'$$FINITION DES PH$$E'$$NOM$$\bprime E$$NES RELIGIEUX / $$E'$$mile Durkheim = 26
• 4 THE BEGINNINGS OF RELIGION AND TOTEMISM AMONG THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES / J. G. Frazer = 52
• 5 ESSAISUR LA NATURE ET LA FONCTION DU SACRIFICE / Henri Hubert et Marcel Mauss = 79
• 6 THOUGHTS ON ZU$$\tilde N$$I RELIGION / A. L. Kroeber = 184
• 7 COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY / Max M$$\ddot u$$ller = 194
• 8 SACRIFICE / W. R. Smith = 287
• 9 TOTEMISM IN AUSTRALIA / Baldwin Spencer = 304
• [Volume. 2]----------
• CONTENTS
• LECTURE Ⅰ. : THE PERCEPTION OF THE INFINITE.
• Problem of the origin of religion = 1
• Strauss : Have we still any religion = 2
• Antiquity of religion = 4
• Science of religion = 5
• Difference between ancient and modern belief = 8
• Definitions of religion = 9
• Etymological meaning of religion = 10
• Historical aspect of religion = 12
• Definitions of religion by Kant and Fichte = 14
• Religion with or without worship = 16
• Definition of Schleiermacher(dependence), and of Hegel(freedom) = 19
• Comte and Feuerbach = 20
• Difficulty of defining religion = 21
• Specific characteristic of religion = 21
• Religion as a subjective faculty for the apprehension of the infinite = 22
• The three functions of sense, reason, and faith = 25
• The meaning of infinite = 27
• Can the finite apprehend the infinite = 29
• Conditions accepted on both sides = 31
• Apprehension of the infinite = 35
• 1. The infinitely great = 36
• 2. The infinitely small = 39
• Growth of the idea of the infinite = 44
• No finite without an infinite = 46
• LECTURE Ⅱ. : IS FETISHISM A PRIMITIVE FORM OF RELIGION
• The first impulse to the perception of the infinite = 54
• Mana, a Melanesian name for the infinite = 55
• Fetishism, the original form of all religion = 57
• De Brosses, the inventor of fetishism = 58
• Origin of the name of fetish = 63
• Wrong extension of the name fetish = 65
• Usefulness of the study of savage tribes = 67
• Frequent retrogression in religion = 68
• Difficulty of studying the religion of savages = 69
• Language of savages = 72
• Numerals of savages = 74
• No history among savages = 75
• No morals among savages = 79
• Religion universal among savages = 81
• Study of the religion of literary nations = 82
• Study of the religion of savages = 88
• Influence of public opinion on travellers = 93
• Absence of recognised authorities among savages = 95
• Authority or priests = 96
• Unwillingness of savages to talk of religion = 97
• Wide extension of the meaning of fetish = 99
• Antecedents of fetishism = 101
• Ubiquity of fetishism = 104
• No religion consists of fetishism only = 107
• Higher elements in African religion. Waitz = 108
• Zoolatry = 116
• Psycholatry = 119
• Many-sidedness of African religion = 119
• Supposed psychological necessity of fetishism = 122
• Whence the supernatural predicate of a fetish = 124
• Accidental origin of fetishism = 125
• Are savages like children = 126
• The four steps = 128
• Fetishism not a primary form of religion = 130
• LECTURE Ⅲ. : THE ANCIENT LITERATURE OF INDIA, SO FAR AS IT SUPPLIES MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN OF RELIGION.
• Usefulness of the study of literary religions = 132
• Growth of religious ideas in Judaism, Zoroastrianism, &c. = 133
• Growth of religion in India = 135
• Right position of the Veda in the science of religion = 136
• Discovery of Sanskrit literature = 137
• Buddhism the frontier between ancient and modern literature in India = 138
• The Veda proclaimed as revealed = 140
• Historical character of the Vedic language = 146
• The four strata of Vedic literature = 149
• Ⅰ. Sutra period, 500 B. C. = 149
• Ⅱ. Brahmana period 600 - 800 B. C. = 153
• Ⅲ. Mantra period, 800 - 1000 B. C. = 154
• Ⅳ. KhandaS period, 1000 - 1010 B. C. = 156
• The Veda handed down by oral tradition = 157
• Postscript to the third lecture = 163
• LECTURE Ⅳ. : THE WORSHIP OF TANGIBLE, SEMI- TANGIBLE, AND INTANGIBLE OBJECTS.
• Evidence of religion never entirely sensuous = 173
• External revelation = 174
• Internal revelation = 175
• The senses and their evidence = 177
• The meaning of manifest = 178
• Division of sense-objects into tangible and semi-tangible = 179
• Trees = 180
• Mountains = 181
• Rivers = 181
• The Earth = 182
• Semi-tangible objects = 183
• Intangible objects = 185
• Testimonies of the ancients as to the character of their gods = 186
• Testimony of the Veda = 187
• Testimony of the undivided Aryan language = 188
• Origin of language = 189
• Early concepts = 191
• Everything named as active = 192
• Active does not mean human = 193
• Grammatical gender = 194
• Auxiliary verbs = 196
• AS, to breathe = 197
• BH$$\hat U$$, to dwell = 198
• VAS, to dwell = 198
• Primitive expression = 198
• Likeness, originally conceived as negation = 200
• Standing epithets = 201
• Tangible objects among the Vedic deities = 204
• Semi-tangible objects among the Vedic deities = 205
• Fire = 211
• The Sun = 213
• The Dawn = 215
• Audible objects among the Vedic deities = 215
• Thunder = 215
• Wind = 216
• Marutas, the storm-gods = 217
• The Rain and the Rainer = 217
• Vedic pantheon = 218
• The Devas = 220
• The visible and the invisible = 220
• LECTURE Ⅴ. : THE IDEAS OF INFINITY AND LAW.
• Nihil in fide quod non ante fuerit in sensu = 224
• Theogony of the Veda = 230
• The infinite in its earliest conception = 231
• Aditi, the infinite = 233
• Aditi not a modern deity = 234
• Natural origin of Aditi = 234
• Darkness and sin = 237
• Immortality = 238
• Other religious ideas in the Veda = 239
• The idea of law = 241
• The Sanskrit Rita = 243
• The original meaning of Rita = 245
• Story of Saram$$\hat a$$ = 247
• Rita, the sacrifice = 250
• The development of Rita = 251
• Difficulty of translating = 252
• Was Rita a common Aryan concept = 252
• Rita is Asha in Zend = 255
• LECTURE Ⅵ. : ON HENOTHEISM, POLYTHEISM, MONOTHEISM, AND ATHEISM.
• Is monotheism a primitive form of religion = 260
• The science of language and the science of religion = 261
• The predicate of God = 264
• The new materials, supplied by the Veda = 265
• Henotheism = 266
• The Sun in his natural aspects = 266
• The Sun as a supernatural power = 270
• The Sun in a secondary position = 276
• Development of general predicates of the Divine = 277
• The Sky as Dyaus, or the Illuminator = 282
• Struggle for supremacy between Dyaus and Indra = 285
• Hymn to Indra, as a supreme god = 287
• Hymn to Varuna as a supreme god = 290
• Henotheism, the dialectic period of religion = 291
• The supremacy of different Devas = 293
• Further development of henotheism = 295
• Tendency towards monotheism = 299
• Visvakarman, the maker of all things = 299
• Pray$$\hat a$$pati, the lord of creatures = 301
• Tendency towards atheism = 304
• Faith in Indra, doubts about Indra = 307
• Difference between honest and vulgar atheism = 310
• LECTURE Ⅶ. : PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.
• Collapse of the gods = 317
• The object or divine appellation = 318
• Neuter names higher than masculine or feminine = 319
• $$\hat A$$tman, the subjective self = 320
• $$\hat A$$tman, the objective self = 322
• The philosophy of the Upanishads = 324
• Pray$$\hat a$$pati and Indra = 325
• Y$$\hat a$$ynavalkya and Maitreyi = 335
• Yama and Nakiketas = 340
• Religion of the Upanishads = 345
• Evolution in Vedic religion = 346
• The four castes = 349
• The four stage or $$\hat A$$sramas = 350
• First stage, Studentship = 351
• Second stage, Married Life = 353
• Third stage, Retirement = 356
• Life in the forest = 361
• The end = 307
• Phases of religious thought = 370
• Retrospect = 380
• INDEX = 387
• [Volume. 3]----------
• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = Ⅴ
• LECTURE Ⅰ. ON FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS DISCUSSION.
• Difficulty of lecturing on Religion without giving offence. - Private Judgment. - Comparative Study of Religions. - Lord Gifford's Foundation. - Timid Counsels. - Lord Gifford's Conditions. - Toleration in other Religions. - Toleration in Ancient India. - Esoteric and Exoteric Religion. - Religious Education of Children. - Growth of the Mind = 1
• LECTURE Ⅱ. ON TOLERATION.
• Bright Side of all Religions. - Danger of keeping Truth secret. - Antecedents of Buddhism. - Dialogue between Father and Son. - Buddhism originally a Br$$\hat a$$hmanic Sect. - Religious Discussions. - Toleration preached by Buddhism. - The Edicts of Asoka. - The Tolerant Spirit of Asoka. - Disappearance of Buddhism in India. - Toleration in the Jewish Religion. - Jewish Interpretation of the Bible. - .The Ascent of Elijah. - The Ascension of Christ. - Spiritual only. - The Solstice of Joshua. - Fasti Temporis Catholici. - Diversity of Opinion inevitable. - A Comparative Study of Religions teaches Tolerance = 29
• LECTURE Ⅲ. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF PHYSICAL RELIGION.
• Outcome of Physical Religion. - Origin of the Concept of Cause. - Plato on the Gods. - First Consciousness of our Acts. - Postulate of Psychology fulfilled by Language. - Naming of Objects. - The Agents in Nature. - Transition to Human Agents. - Difference between Human and Super-Human Agents. - The True Meaning of Animism. - General Names of the Agents in Nature. - Highest Generalisation or Monotheism. - The Biography of Agni representative only. - The God of the Sky. - Principles of Comparative Mythology. - Brisaya and Bris$$\hat e$$is. - Dyaus and Zeus. - The Lesson of Jupiter. - Dr. Lippert. - Protest against Levity = 61
• LECTURE Ⅳ. THE HISTORICAL PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF GOD.
• Securus Judicat Orbis Terrarum. - Universality of a Belief in God does not prove its Truth. - Belief in God inevitable. - History of the Belief in gods and God. - Are all Religions True? - The Gradual Elimination of what is imperfect. - Negative Definition in Greek Philosophy. - Negative Definition in Christian Theology. - True Agnosticism. - All Names well meant. - Names of the Infinite. - I Am that I Am. - The Three Ved$$\hat a$$nta Predicates. - Masculine or Neuter. - Return to the Old Names. - The Minimum. - The Names and what is named = 89
• LECTURE Ⅴ. ABOUT THE TRUE CHARACTER OF ANCESTOR-WORSHIP.
• The Name of Anthropological Religion. - Former Opinions on the Sources of Religion. - Fetishism. - Totemism. - Hallucination. - Ancestor-worship. - Ancestor-worship presupposes a Belief in Gods. - China and Egypt. - The Euhemeristic Explanation of Zeus. - The Euhemeristic Explanation of other Gods. - Did Ancestor-worship exist among the Aryan Nations? = l15
• LECTURE Ⅵ. THE UNTRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF RELIGION.
• Literary Documents of Aryan and Semitic Religions. - Literary Documents of other Religions. - The Religions of Illiterate Races. - Comparative Study of Languages. - Comparative Study of non-Aryan and non-Semitic Religions. - New Epoch in the Study of Uncivilised Races. - The Two New Principles. - A Third Principle for the Future. - Testing of Evidence, (Ⅰ) with regard to Civilised Races. - Different Accounts of the Religious Beliefs of the Hindus. - The Goddess Durg$$\hat a$$ or K$$\hat a$$l$$\hat i$$. - The Higher Conception of Durg$$\hat a$$. - The Origin of Durg$$\hat a$$. - Authoritative Books. - Testing of Evidence, (Ⅱ) with regard to Illiterate Races. - The Andaman Islanders. - Negative and Positive Evidence = l45
• LECTURE Ⅶ. THE DISC0VERY OF THE SOUL.
• Physical Religion Incomplete. - The Soul of Man. - Animism. - Primitive Man. - Materials for our Studies. - Names for Soul. - What was meant by Soul? - The Problem of Man. - The Lessons of Death, - Blood as Life. - The Heart. - Breath. - Soul after Death. - Words for Soul. - Words for Soul in Hebrew. - Words for Soul in Sanskrit. - Words for Soul in Tamil. - Polynesian Words for Soul, &c. - Material Beginnings. = 181
• LECTURE Ⅷ. DISCOVERY OF THE SOUL IN MAN AND IN NATURE.
• The Three Stages of Early Psychology. - The Original Meaning of Psyche. - The Psychological Terminology of Homer. - The Meaning of a'vt$$o'$$s. - Psyche and Menos. - Thymos. - Phrenes. - Soul and Ghost. - Differentiation of Meaning. - The Agent. - Different Origin of other Names for Soul. - Shadow. - Dreams. - Superstitious Sayings about Shadows. - The Ci-pr$$\bprime e$$s in Language. - The Infinite in Man. - Why a Belief in a Soul is necessary. - The Soul in Man and the Soul in Nature = 208
• LECTURE Ⅸ. FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
• The Import of Customs. - Motives of Customs. - Funeral Ceremonies in India. - Funeral Ceremonies in Greece. - The Theory of Survivals. - Gifts produced a Belief that they would be used by the Dead. - Funeral Ceremonies in Rome. - Funeral Ceremonies among Savages. - Polynesian Funerals = 285
• LECTURE Ⅹ. WHAT WAS THOUGHT ABOUT THE DEPARTED.
• The Soul minus the Body. - Continuance of Feelings towards the Dead. - The Germs of Ancestral Religion. - The First Ancestor. - Were there Races without Physical Religion? - Are there Races whose Religion is exclusively Ancestor-worship? - Religion of Zulus. - Religion of the Niassans. - Worship of Gods and Worship of Ancestors kept distinct. - Where do the Departed exist? - How do the Departed exist? - Belief in Punishments and Rewards. - Plato. - The Law of Cause and Effect. - Karma na ksh$$\hat i$$yate. - Are the Departed conscious of what passes on Earth? - Influence of Priests = 281
• LECTURE XI. SOUL AFTER DEATH.
• Greek Epic Poetry. - Finnish Epic Poetry. - The Nekyia does not represent the popular Bolief. - Homer does not reflect popular 0pinion on Death. - punishments. - Post-Homeric Poets. - Plato. - The Mysteries. - Plato's Influence. - Xenophon's Cyropaedia.-Influence of Philosophers. - Funeral Incriptions. - The Divinity of the Soul. - Somnium Scipionis = 309
• LECTURE XII. WHAT DOES IT LEAD TO ?
• The Historical Proof. - The Two Lessons of History. - Recapitulation of Anthropological Religion. - Katha-upanishad = 333
• LECTURE XIII. THE DIVINE AND THE HUMAN.
• Worship of the Departed leads to the Recognition of the Divine in Man. - Apotheosis. - Heroes as Διογενειs. - Heroes. - Daimones. - Hesiod's Four Races. - The Daimonion of Sokrates. - The Three Roads loading to the Discovery of something Divine in Man. - Plato on Gods, Daimones, Heroes, and Ancestral Spirits. - Our own Problems. - Belief in Immortality in the Old Testament. - Meaning of Immortality. - Sheol. - Controversy as to the Jewish Belief in Immortality. - Reaction. - Christianity, the Revelation of the Divine Sonship of Christ and Man. - The Words Father and Son. - Parable of the King's Son. - The Position of Christianity in the History of the World. - The Second Birth. - Christ's Teaching and its Later Interpretation. - Objections considered = 351
• APPENDICES.
• APPENDIX Ⅰ. Indra or Andra = 395
• APPENDIX Ⅱ. Hey Diddle Diddle = 399
• APPENDIX Ⅲ. On Totems and their various origin = 403
• APPENDIX Ⅳ. Durg$$\hat a$$ = 410
• APPENDIX Ⅴ.
• On the Untrustworthiness of Anthropological Evidence = 413
• On the Untrustworthiness of the Accounts of the Religious Ideas of Savages = 428
• APPENDlX Ⅵ. Ra.jendralal Mitra's Notes on Vedic Funerals = 436
• APPENDIX Ⅶ. Funeral Ceremonies = 438
• APPENDIX Ⅷ. The 'Kalevala' = 440
• INDEX = 447
• [Volume. 4]----------
• CONTENTS
• Ⅰ. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER = 1
• Ⅱ. SCIENCE AND 'MIRACLES' = 15
• Ⅲ. ANTHROPOLOGY AND RELIGION = 48
• Ⅳ. 'OPENING THE GATES OF DISTANCE = 72
• Ⅴ. CRYSTAL VISIONS, SAVAGE AND CIVILISED = 90
• Ⅵ. ANTHROPOLOGY AND HALLUCINATIONS = 113
• Ⅶ. DEMONIACAL POSSESSION = 138
• Ⅷ. FETISHISM AND SPIRITUALISM = 159
• Ⅸ. EVOLUTION OF THE IDEA OF G0D = 173
• Ⅹ. HIGH GODS OF LOW RACES = 187
• XI. SUPREME GODS NOT NECESSARILY DEVELOPED OUT OF 'SPIRITS' = 201
• XII. SAVAGE SUPREME BEINGS = 210
• XIII. MORE SAVAGE SUPREME BEINGS = 230
• XIV. AHONE. TI-RA-W$$A'$$. N$$\bprime A$$-PI. PACHACAMAC. TUI LAGA. TAA-ROA = 251
• XV. THE OLD DEGENERATION THEORY = 278
• XVI. THEORIES OF JEHOVAH = 294
• XVII. CONCLUSION = 317
• APPENDICES.
• A. OPPOSITIONS OF SCIENCE = 337
• B. THE POLTERGEIST AND HIS EXPLAINERS = 352
• C. CRYSTAL-GAZING = 367
• D. CHIEFS IN AUSTRALIA = 370
• INDEX = 371
• [Volume. 5]----------
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION = 1
• THE METHOD OF FOLKLORE = 10
• THE BULL-ROARER = 29
• THE MYTH OF CRONUS = 45
• CUPID, PSYCHE, AND THE 'SUN-FROG' = 64
• A FAR-TRAVELLED TALE = 87
• APOLLO AND THE MOUSE = 103
• STAR MYTHS = 121
• MOLY AND MANDRAGORA = 143
• THE 'KALEVALA' = 156
• THE DIVINING ROD = 180
• HOTTENTOT MYTHOLOGY = 197
• FETICHISM AND THE INFINITE = 212
• THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE FAMILY = 245
• THE ART OF SAVAGES = 276
• INDEX = 305