남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험과 반응적 공격성의 관계: 남성 성역할 갈등, 수치심, 우울의 매개효과 = The Relationship between Victimization from Bullying and Reactive Aggression: Multiple Mediation Effects of Male Gender Role Conflict, Shame and Depression among Middle School Students

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험과 반응적 공격성의 관계에서 남성 성역할 갈등, 수치심, 우울의 매개효과를 검증하기 위해 실시되었다. 이를 위해 수도권 소재 중학교에 재학 중인 남학생 462명의 자기보고식 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 검증 결과, 또래괴롭힘 피해경험이 많은 것은 남자 중학생의 남성 성역할 갈등 증가와 연합되고, 반응적 공격성과 관련되었다. 또한 남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험과 반응적 공격성 간의 관계에서 성역할 갈등과 우울의 이중매개효과, 수치심과 우울의 이중매개효과가 유의하였다. 최종적으로 남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험 증가는 남성 성역할 갈등 증가와 연합되며, 이는 다시 수치심과 우울의 증가를 순차적으로 거쳐, 반응적 공격성의 증가와 관련되었다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 시사점과 또래괴롭힘 피해경험이 있는 남자 중학생의 반응적 공격성을 감소시키기 위한 개입 전략에 대해 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to examine multiple mediation effects of gender role conflict, shame, and depression among middle school boys on the relationship between victimization from bullying and reactive aggression. Self-reported data of 462 middle school boys were analyzed. The results of structural equation modeling(SEM) indicated that a greater frequency of victimization from bullying was associated with increased gender role conflict among males, which contributed to reactive aggression. In addition, the double mediation effects of male gender role conflict and depression were significant for victimization from bullying and reactive aggression. Shame and depression, respectively, also served as mediators between victimization and reactive aggression. Finally, multiple mediating effects of male gender role conflicts, shame, and depression were also demonstrated. Based on these findings, implications and suggestions for intervention strategies for victimized male students are discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 하문선, "한국 초기 남자청소년 성역할갈등척도(K-MGRCS-Y) 개발 및 타당화 연구" 한국상담학회 13 (13): 1337-1354, 2012

2 정익중, "학대와 따돌림이 청소년기 우울과 공격성에 영향을 미치는 경로 : 성별 차이를 중심으로" 한국청소년정책연구원 23 (23): 217-242, 2012

3 김재엽, "학교폭력 피해경험이 청소년의 학교적응에 미치는 영향 : 부모-자녀 의사소통의 조절효과" 한국청소년학회 18 (18): 209-234, 2011

4 조윤오, "학교폭력 피해경험이 범죄행동에 미치는 영향: 가출청소년을 대상으로" 한국피해자학회 20 (20): 511-534, 2012

5 김해미, "학교폭력 피해경험과 공격성의관계에서 수치심과 보복심리의 매개효과 및내현적 자기애의 조절효과" 이화여자대학교 대학원 2015

6 김예성, "초등학교 아동의 또래괴롭힘 경험유형에 따른 우울불안, 학교유대감, 공격성의 차이 및 피해경험을 통한 가해경험 변화" 한국아동학회 29 (29): 213-229, 2008

7 송경희, "청소년의 마음읽기 능력과 또래괴롭힘의 관계: 도덕적 이탈‧도덕적 정서의 매개효과를 중심으로" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 23 (23): 105-124, 2010

8 박순진, "청소년 폭력 비행에 있어서 가해-피해의 연계" 한국피해자학회 13 (13): 241-269, 2005

9 김보경, "청소년 우울과 지각된 부모 양육 행동, 기질 및 성격의 관계" 한국임상심리학회 25 (25): 221-236, 2006

10 신혜섭, "중학생의 학교폭력 유형에 영향을 미치는 변인" 한국청소년학회 12 (12): 123-149, 2005

11 안지현, "중학생의 내현적 자기애, 수치심, 분노, 반응적 공격성의 관계와 적응적인 인지적 정서조절의 역할" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 26 (26): 61-84, 2013

12 서미정, "방관자의 집단 특성에 따른 또래괴롭힘 참여 역할행동" 한국아동학회 29 (29): 79-96, 2008

13 고광만, "또래 괴롭힘을 경험한 아동들의 공격성 발달 궤적 연구" 한국생애학회 2 (2): 67-80, 2012

14 최희철, "남성 성역할 갈등과 우울의 관계에 대한 기본욕구충족의 매개효과 검증:남자 고등학생을 대상으로" 한국상담학회 12 (12): 559-576, 2011

15 오인수, "괴롭힘을 목격한 주변인의 행동에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인 : 공감과 공격성을 중심으로" 한국초등교육학회 23 (23): 45-63, 2010

16 하문선, "관계성과 우울을 매개로 한 초기 청소년의 성역할갈등과 공격성의 관계" 교육연구소 14 (14): 235-259, 2013

17 김현주, "고등학생의 내면화된 수치심이 청소년 우울에 미치는 영향 : 정서표현 양가성의 매개효과" 한국청소년학회 20 (20): 181-209, 2013

18 정혜정, "가족과젠더" 신정 2009

19 Ramaeker, J., "“Man up!”: Exploring intersections of sport participation, masculinity, psychological distress, and help-seeking attitudes and intentions"

20 Lam, S., "Will victims become aggressors or vice versa? A cross-lagged analysis of school aggression" 46 (46): 529-541, 2018

21 O’Neil, J. M., "Twenty years of gender-role conflict research: Summary of 130 studies" 2002

22 Hamilton, J. L., "The temporal sequence of social anxiety and depressive symptoms following interpersonal stressors during adolescence" 44 (44): 495-509, 2016

23 Irwin, A., "The role of shame in the relation between peer victimization and mental health outcomes" 34 (34): 156-181, 2016

24 Lee, D. A., "The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events : A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD" 74 : 451-466, 2001

25 Gilbert, P., "The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression : the role of the evaluation of social rank" 7 (7): 174-189, 2000

26 Raine, A., "The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire : Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys" 32 (32): 159-171, 2006

27 Bem, S. L., "The psychology of women" Yale University Press 226-245, 1987

28 Weaver, J. R., "The proof is in the punch: Gender differences in perceptions of action and aggression as components of manhood" 62 (62): 241-251, 2010

29 Pleck, J. H., "The new psychology of men" Basic Books 11-32, 1995

30 Eisler, R. M., "The new psychology of men" Basic Books 129-163, 1995

31 Strøm, I. F., "The mediating role of shame in the relationship between childhood bullying victimization and adult psychosocial adjustment" 9 (9): 1-13, 2018

32 Chan, J. Y., "The examination of authoritarian parenting styles, specific forms of peer-victimization, and reactive aggression in Hong Kong youth" 39 (39): 378-399, 2018

33 Gilbert, P., "The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy" 70 (70): 113-147, 1997

34 Butler, A. C., "The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy : A review of meta-analyses" 26 (26): 17-31, 2006

35 Dodge, K. A., "The development and treatment of childhood aggression" Erlbaum 201-218, 1991

36 Kline, R. B., "The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods" SAGE 562-589, 2011

37 Berke, D. S., "Take it like a man : Gender-threatened men’s experience of gender role discrepancy, emotion activation, and pain tolerance" 18 (18): 62-69, 2017

38 O’Neil, J. M., "Summarizing 25 years of research on men’s gender role conflict using the gender role conflict scale" 36 (36): 358-445, 2008

39 Bussey, K., "Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation" 106 (106): 676-713, 1999

40 Neal, J., "Social aggression and social position in middle childhood and early" 30 : 122-137, 2010

41 Boulton, M. J., "Short-term longitudinal relationships between children’s peer victimization/bullying experiences and self-perceptions : Evidence for reciprocity" 31 (31): 296-311, 2010

42 Schoenleber, M., "Shame regulation in personality pathology" 121 (121): 433-446, 2012

43 Cunan, M., "Shame memories and psychopathology in adolescence : The mediator effect of shame" 12 (12): 203-218, 2012

44 Tangney, J. P., "Shame and guilt" Guilford Press 2002

45 Elison, J., "Shame and aggression : Theoretical considerations" 19 (19): 447-453, 2014

46 Higgins, E. T., "Self-discrepancy : a theory relating self and affect" 94 (94): 319-340, 1987

47 Tangney, J. P., "Self-conscious emotions:The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride" Guilford Press 114-139, 1995

48 Mascolo, M. F., "Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride" Guilford Press 64-113, 1995

49 Oyserman, D., "Rethinking individualism and collectivism : evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses" 128 (128): 3-72, 2002

50 Vitaro, f., "Reactively and proactively aggressive children : Antecedent and subsequent characteristics" 43 : 495-505, 2002

51 Eastman, M., "Profiles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with bullying victimization" 65 : 101-110, 2018

52 Card, N. A., "Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence : A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment" 30 (30): 466-480, 2006

53 Klomek, A. B., "Peer victimization, depression, and suicidiality in adolescents" 38 (38): 166-180, 2008

54 Zwierzynska, K., "Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence : A prospective longitudinal study" 41 (41): 309-323, 2013

55 Cooley, J. L., "Peer victimization and forms of aggression during middle childhood : The role of emotion regulation" 44 (44): 535-546, 2016

56 Sweeting, H., "Peer victimization and depression in early–mid adolescence : A longitudinal study" 76 (76): 577-594, 2006

57 O’Neil, J. M., "Patterns of gender role conflict and strain : Sexism and fear of femininity in men’s lives" 60 (60): 203-210, 1981

58 Brown, S., "Moderating effects of gender on outcomes associated with stressful life events among elementary school-age youth" 47 (47): 593-602, 2016

59 Hemphill, S. A., "Longitudinal consequences of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimization : A study of students in Victoria, Australia" 21 (21): 107-116, 2011

60 Brown, S., "Links between stressful life events and proactive and reactive functions of aggression" 26 (26): 691-699, 2017

61 Conry-Murray, C., "Judgments of gender norm violations in children from the United States and Korea" 35 : 122-136, 2015

62 Vandello, J. A., "Hard won and easily lost : A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood" 14 (14): 101-113, 2013

63 Ruble, D. N., "Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development" John Wiley & Sons Inc 858-932, 2006

64 Hill, J. P., "Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives" Plenum 201-228, 1983

65 O’Neil, J. M., "Gender-Role Conflict Scale: College men’s fear of femininity" 14 (14): 335-350, 1986

66 Thompkins, C. D., "Gender role conflict and shame in college men" 4 (4): 79-81, 2003

67 Berkowitz, L., "Frustration-aggression hypothesis : Examination and reformulation" 106 (106): 59-73, 1989

68 O’Beaglaoich, C., "Experiences of gender role conflict as described by Irish boys" 16 (16): 312-325, 2015

69 López-Sáez, M., "Evolution of gender stereotypes in Spain : Traits and roles" 11 (11): 609-617, 2008

70 Fornell, C., "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error" 18 (18): 39-50, 1981

71 Rigby, K. E. N., "Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being" 23 (23): 57-68, 2000

72 Moore, T. M., "Effects of masculine gender role stress on men’s cognitive, affective, physiological, and aggressive responses to intimate conflict situations" 5 (5): 132-142, 2004

73 Yeung, R. S., "Does hostile attributional bias for relational provocations mediate the short-term association between relational victimization and aggression in preadolescence?" 36 (36): 973-983, 2007

74 Spendelow, J. S., "Does experiential avoidance mediate the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological distress?" 12 (12): 688-695, 2018

75 Marcotte, M., "Differential effects of state shame and self-affirmation on reactive aggression" University of Rhode Island 2017

76 Gendreau, P. L., "Developmental Origins of Aggression" Guilford Press 25-62, 2005

77 Hayes, A. M., "Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy" 11 (11): 255-262, 2004

78 Weissman, M. M., "Children’s Symptom and Social Functioning Self-Report Scales : Comparison of Mothers’ and Children’s Reports" 168 (168): 736-740, 1980

79 Zhou, Z. K., "Bullying victimization and depression in Chinese children : A moderated mediation model of resilience and mindfulness" 104 : 137-142, 2017

80 Olweus, D., "Bullying in school : Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program" 80 : 124-134, 2010

81 Nansel, T. R., "Bullying behaviors among US youth : Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment" 285 (285): 2094-2100, 2001

82 Salmivalli, C., "Bullying as a group process : Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group" 22 : 1-15, 1996

83 Garnefski, N., "Bully victimization and emotional problems in adolescents: Moderation by specific cognitive coping strategies?" 37 (37): 1153-1160, 2014

84 Yousaf, O., "An investigation of masculinity attitudes, gender, and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking" 16 (16): 234-237, 2015

85 Pellegrini, A. D., "A longitudinal study of boys’ rough-and-tumble play and dominance during early adolescence" 16 (16): 77-93, 1995

86 Berkowitz, L., "A different view of anger : The cognitive-neoassociation conception of the relation of anger to aggression" 38 (38): 322-333, 2012

87 Moore, T. M., "A Review of the Literature on Masculinity and Partner Violence" 6 (6): 46-61, 2005