북한위기상황 시 주변국의 개입가능성과 그 국제법적 논리에 대한 검토 = An Inquiry into International Legal Grounds to be Invoked by China for Intervention into North Korea in Case of its Contingency

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 북한 급변사태 시 주변국, 특히 중국의 개입가능성과 개입 시 원용가능한 국제법적 논리에 대해 고찰한다. 중국의 북한 개입 시 원용가능할 것으로 예상되는 국제법적 근거로는 (i) 북한 지역에 대한 역사적 연고권, (ii) 1961년 북중조약에 의거한 집단적 자위권, (iii) 인도적 간섭/보호책임, (iv) 북한 지역 내 중국 주민의 보호, (v) 북한 당국에 의한 개입요청, (vi) 핵무기 등 대량살상무기 제거를 위한 개입 등이 있다. 북한 급변사태 발생 시 이를 안정적으로 관리하고 민족적 목표인 통일로 연결시키기 위해서는 남측이 여타 3국과는 달리 ``한국문제``의 직접 당사자로서 우선적 (개입) 권한을 가지고 있다는 논리를 구축하고 전파해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 UN 내 여러 기관, 특히 총회의 일련의 관행, 중국 등 주변국의 실행을 면밀히 분석한 기초 위에서 우리의 논리를 강화해야 할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This articles addresses the question of international legal grounds China could invoke for intervention into North Korea in case of its contingency. This question has attracted substantial attention recently due to the precarious situation in North Korea (officially known as the Democratic People`s Republic of Korea), for instance, the failing health of its leader Kim Jong Il. In this paper, the author discusses (i) intervention based on historic claims, (ii) intervention based on the 1961 Treaty of Mutual Assistance, (iii) humanitarian intervention or intervention based on the responsibility to protect, (iv) intervention for the protection of Chinese nationals in North Korea, (v) intervention by invitation and (vi) intervention for the removal of weapons of mass destruction. Particular attention is paid to the first three legal grounds, in particular, the second, that is, intervention founded on the concept of collective self-defence. An important and difficult problem would be whether, in case of North Korean contingency, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) could put forth a preferential right vis-a-vis third states, basing itself on the concept of ``Korean question.`` Differently put, the vital question would be whether the Republic of Korea could persuade other states to accept the thesis of ``one Korea``, which is agreed on between the two Koreas. This question became more complicated especially after the admission of both Koreas as UN members in 1991. It is suggested in this article that one should devise ways to strengthen the ``one Korea`` thesis by thoroughly analyzing the relevant practice of the United Nations (in particular, the General Assembly resolutions tending towards this thesis) and China. It would be also advisable to design an intervention substantially coordinated and led by the Republic of Korea with the blessing of the United Nations.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 유용태, "환호 속의 경종: 동아시아 역사인식과 역사교육의 성찰" 휴머니스트 202-, 2006

2 이동현, "화교들 북한 상권 장악 주목"

3 심지연, "한미동맹 50년: 법적 쟁점과 미래의 전망" 백산서당 2004

4 이기훈, "한국의 탈민족/탈근대적 체험과 역사인식의 변화, in 한일역사의 제문제 4" 83-, 2011

5 주펑, "중북관계에서의 동맹요소: 변화와 조정" 41-,

6 김희교, "중국의 동북공정과 한국 민족주의의 진로" 66 : 14-, 2004

7 馬大正, "중국의 국경․영토인식 - 20세기 중국의 변강사 연구" 고구려연구재단 22-, 2004

8 "조선일보 2010.3.18자 사설(“‘김정일 수명이 3년 정도 남았다’면 …”)"

9 "전문가 ‘중국 동북공정은 남북 공동의 문제’"

10 "연합뉴스 (2010.10.2)"

11 신범철, "안보적 관점에서 본 북한 급변사태의 법적 문제" 서울국제법연구원 15 (15): 73-100, 2008

12 Paul B. Stares, "북한급변사태의 대비" 한국국방연구원 2009

13 "북한국제법사전" 369-,

14 이종석, "북한-중국관계 1945~2000" 중심 209-215, 2000

15 박병광, "북중동맹과 한미동맹의 비교: 성립배경과 조약내용을 중심으로, in 북중조약회의자료집" 58-,

16 이태환, "북중관계, in 북한의 대외관계" 한울 285-, 2007

17 최명해, "북중 조약의 현대적 함의와 북중관계 전망, in 중북우호협조 및 상호원조조약 및 한미동맹 회의자료집" 9-, 2011

18 매들린 올브라이트, "마담 세크러터리 2" 황금가지 367-, 2003

19 조정현, "리비아 사태와 국제법, 그리고 한반도에의 함의" 국제법평론회 (33) : 53-69, 2011

20 이희옥, "동북공정의 정치적 논란에 비판적 해석" 동아연구소 (53) : 9-45, 2007

21 조남규, "김정일 정권 무너져도 北 붕괴 가능성 낮아"

22 이근관, "국제적 인권으로서의 평화권에 대한 고찰" (1) : 212-217, 2006

23 박기갑, "국제법상 보호책임" 삼우사 2010

24 사회과학원 법학연구소, "국제법사전, in 북한국제법사전" 사회과학출판사 336-, 2002

25 山本 草二, "국제법 신판" 국제해양법학회 738-739, 1999

26 中谷 和弘, "集團的自衛權と國際法, in 自衛權の現代的展開" 東信堂 41-42, 2007

27 森 肇志, "自衛權の基層" 東京大學出版會 256-261, 2009

28 "環球時報 (2011.7.11)"

29 邵津, "國際法 第3版" 北京大學出版社 2008

30 王鐵崖, "國際法" 法律出版社 58-62, 1995

31 船橋洋一, "同盟の比較硏究: 冷戰後秩序を求めて" 日本評論社 256-, 2001

32 박창억, "北 앞으로 붕괴추세 가속 2020년대 실질적 통일단계"

33 文汇报, "军委领导战区调研传递重要信息" 2010

34 段洁龍, "中國國際法實踐與案例" 法律出版社 166-, 2011

35 Yehuda Z. Blum, "“Historic Rights" 2 : 710-715, 1995

36 구자룡, "‘전쟁 때 자동개입 조항 빼자’ 北, 中에 동맹조약 개정 제의"

37 박기갑, "supra note 74" 20-,

38 Brownlie, "supra note 70" 325-,

39 신범철, "supra note 7" 86-87,

40 山本 草二, "supra note 50" 291-292,

41 Evans, "supra note 50" 622-,

42 Gray, "supra note 49" 138-,

43 Dinstein, "supra note 48" 205-206,

44 주펑, "supra note 39" 41-,

45 박병광, "supra note 30"

46 최명해, "supra note 28"

47 이태환, "supra note 27" 282-,

48 이희옥, "supra note 13" 27-,

49 Yoram Dinstein, "War Aggression and Self-Defence" Cambridge University Press 225-226, 2001

50 A. D. Hughes, "Tibet" 4 : 858-859, 2000

51 M.C. Walt van Praag, "The Status of Tibet" Westview 127-, 1987

52 "The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty" International Development Research Center for ICISS 2001

53 Ramesh Thakur, "The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics" Routledge 75-76, 2011

54 John Norton Moore, "The Nicaragua Case and the Deterioration of World Order" 81 : 151-, 1987

55 James Crawford, "The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries" Cambridge University Press 163-165, 2002

56 J.L. Holzgrefe, "The Humanitarian Intervention Debate, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas" Cambridge University Press 18-, 2003

57 Rajan Menon, "The End of Alliances" Oxford University Press 153-, 2007

58 James Crawford, "The Creation of States in International Law" Oxford University Press 2006

59 Bruno Simma, "The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary vol. 1" Oxford University Press 803-, 2002

60 "Thakur" 79-,

61 "Saeed and Przystup" 10-,

62 N. Ronzitti, "Rescuing Nationals Abroad through Military Coercion and Intervention on Grounds of Humanity" Martinus Nijhoff 1985

63 "Reports of International Arbitral Awards vol.2" 863-864,

64 "Rauschning, Wiesbrock & Lailach" 195-,

65 Ian Brownlie, "Principles of Public International Law" Oxford University Press 710-712, 2003

66 Eric De Brabandere, "Post-Conflict Administrations in International Law: International Territorial Administration, Transtional Authority and Foreign Occupation in Theory and Practice" Martinus Nijhoff 2009

67 "PRC Official White Paper" PRC 1992

68 Fred L. Morrison, "Legal Issues in the Nicaragua Opinion" 81 : 160-, 1987

69 Olivier Corten, "Le Droit contre Guerre" Pedone 395-, 2008

70 Jean-Pierre Cot, "La Charte des Nations Unies: Commentaire article par article" 2005

71 Ian Brownlie, "Kosovo Crisis Inquiry: Memorandum on the International Law Aspects" 49 : 888-889, 2000

72 In Seop Chung, "Korean Questions in the United Nations: Resolutions Adopted at the Principal Organs of the United Nations with Annotations (1946-2001)" Seoul National University Press 23-24, 2002

73 Ferial Ara Saeed, "Korean Futures: Challenges to U.S. Diplomacy of North Korean Regime Collapse" NDU Institute for National Strategic Studies 19-, 2011

74 Dietrich Rauschning, "Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946-1996" Cambridge University Press 191-, 1997

75 Peter Malanczuk, "Israel: Status, Territory and Occupied Territories" 2 : 1469-, 1469

76 Rein Mullerson, "Intervention by Invitation, in Law and Force in the New International Order" Westview 1991

77 Thomas Franck, "Interpretation and Change in the Law of Humanitarian Intervention" 226-227,

78 "International Law and the Use of Force by States" Oxford University Press 338-342, 1963

79 Ian Brownlie, "International Law and the Use of Force by States" Oxford University Press 330-331, 1963

80 Christine Gray, "International Law and the Use of Force" Oxford University Press 121-, 2000

81 Malcolm D. Evans, "International Law" Oxford University Press 632-, 2010

82 "IDI Santiago 보고서" IDI Santiago 130-,

83 "ICJ Reports 1986" ICJ 1986

84 James Pattison, "Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect" Oxford University Press 45-51, 2010

85 Yehuda Z. Blum, "Historic Titles in International Law" Nijhoff 1965

86 Philip Zelikow, "Germany Unified and Europe Transformed" Harvard University Press 111-, 1995

87 Frantz Despagnet, "Essai sur les Protectorats: Étude de Droit International" Larose 32-, 1896

88 Jean Salmon, "Dictionnaire de Droit International" Bruylant 1068-, 2001

89 Gregory H. Fox, "Democratic Governance and International Law" Cambridge University Press 2000

90 Derek W. Bowett, "Collective Self-Defence under the Charter of the United Nations" 32 : 133-141, 1955

91 Jost Delbrück, "Collective Self-Defence" 1 : 656-, 1992

92 "Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International - Session de Santiago di Chili vol. 72" IDI Santiago 131-, 2007