Processing Emotional Facial Expressions in Individuals with Post-traumatic Stress Symptom: An ERP Study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study aimed to demonstrate the neural mechanisms that relate to the abnormal processing of facial expressions in individuals with post-traumatic stress symptom (PTSS). In particular, we investigated each processing stage's influence on facial expression recognition in individuals with PTSS. To investigate these mechanisms, we measured behavioral performances and event-related potentials (ERPs) as individuals performed a multi-morphed facial expression identification task. Participants were divided into two groups: those with PTSS and a control group without PTSS. Participants viewed representations of fearful, neutral, and happy facial expressions. ERP results revealed that, relative to the control group, the PTSS experience group experienced enhanced P1 amplitudes (reflecting rapid detection) and attenuated LPP amplitudes (reflecting later strategic processing) for all facial expressions. The behavioral data show that PTSS experience group committed more errors and were slower at detectingfacial expressions than were the controls. The difficulties individuals with PTSS face in recognizing facial expressions are explained by abnormal processing related to sustained attention or elaborating processing deficit.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 남보라, "한국판 외상 후 스트레스 진단 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구" 한국임상심리학회 29 (29): 147-167, 2010

2 González‐Garrido, A. A., "Visual processing in a facial emotional context : An ERP study" 71 (71): 25-30, 2009

3 Herman, J., "Trauma and recovery : The aftermath of violence-from domestic abuse to political terror" Basic Books 1997

4 Amaral, D. G., "Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey" 118 : 1099-1120, 2003

5 Ashley, V., "Time course and specificity of event‐related potentials to emotional expressions" 15 : 211-216, 2004

6 Bar‐Haim, Y., "Threat‐related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals : A meta‐analytic study" 133 : 1-24, 2007

7 Williams, L. M., "The ‘when’ and ‘where’ of perceiving signals of threat versus non‐threat" 31 : 458-467, 2006

8 Foa, E. B., "The validation of a self‐report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder : The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale" 9 : 445-451, 1997

9 Arnell, K. M., "The attentional blink across stimuli modalities : Evidence for central processing limitations" 25 : 1-19, 1999

10 Constans, J. I., "Suppression of attentional bias in PTSD" 113 : 315-323, 2004

11 Masten, C. L., "Recognition of facial emotions among maltreated children with high rates of post‐traumatic stress disorder" 32 : 139-153, 2008

12 Olatunji, B. O., "Quality of life in the anxiety disorders : A meta‐analytic review" 27 (27): 572-581, 2007

13 Felmingham, K. L., "Processing angry and neutral faces in post‐traumatic stress disorder : An event‐related potentials study" 14 (14): 777-780, 2003

14 Kessler, R. C., "Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey" 52 : 1048-1060, 1995

15 Thayer, J. F., "Neurovisceral integration, emotions and health: An update" 1287 : 122-127, 2006

16 Hariri, A. R., "Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli" 53 : 494-501, 2003

17 Paunovic, N., "Memory bias for faces that are perceived as hostile by crime victims with acute posttraumatic stress disorder" 32 (32): 203-214, 2003

18 Spielberger, C. D., "Manual for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory" Consulting Psychologist Press 1970

19 Cho, M. J., "Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-lV psychiatric disorders among Korean adults" LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS 195 (195): 203-210, 200703

20 Lee, T. H., "Korea University Facial Expression" Lab of Behavioral Neuroscience, Korea University 2006

21 McClure, E. B., "Facial expression recognition in adolescents with mood and anxiety disorders" 160 : 1172-1174, 2003

22 Gapen, M., "Facial emotion recognition difficulties in individuals with PTSD Symptoms" University of Emory 2009

23 Sta. Maria, N. L., "Facial affect recognition in posttraumatic stress disorder" University of St 2002

24 Moser, J. S., "Face processing biases in social anxiety : An electrophysiological study" 78 : 93-103, 2008

25 Attias, J., "Event‐related potentials in post‐traumatic stress disorder of combat origin" 40 : 373-381, 1996

26 Eimer, M., "Event‐related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing" 45 : 15-31, 2007

27 Sprengelmeyer, R., "Event related potential and the perception of intensity in facial expressions" 44 : 2899-2906, 2006

28 Pourtois, G., "Enhanced extrastriate visual response to bandpass spatial frequency filtered fearful faces : Time course and topographic evoked‐potentials mapping" 26 : 65-79, 2005

29 Holmes, A., "Effects of anxiety on the processing of fearful and happy faces : An event‐related potential study" 77 : 159-173, 2008

30 Batty, M., "Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions" 17 : 613-620, 2003

31 Vuilleumier, P., "Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing" 7 : 1271-1280, 2004

32 Blair, R. J. R., "Dissociable neural response to facial expressions of sadness and anger" 122 : 883-893, 1999

33 Cooley, E. L., "Discrimination of facial expressions of emotion by depressed subjects" 115 : 451-465, 1989

34 American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder(4th ed.)" American Psychiatric Association 2000

35 Beck, A. T., "Depression : Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects" Harper & Row 1967

36 McNally, R. J., "Cognitive abnormalities in post‐traumatic stress disorder" 10 (10): 271-277, 2006

37 Foa, E. B., "Behavioral/cognitive conceptions of post‐traumatic stress disorder" 20 : 155-176, 1989

38 Meinhardt, J., "Attentional resource allocation to emotional events : An ERP study" 17 : 477-500, 2003

39 Pessoa, L., "Attentional control of the processing of neural and emotional stimuli" 15 : 31-45, 2002

40 Bar‐Haim, Y., "Attentional bias in anxiety : A behavioral and ERP study" 59 : 11-22, 2005

41 Vasterling, J. J., "Attention and memory dysfunction in post‐traumatic stress disorder" 12 : 125-133, 1998

42 Eimer, M., "An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing" 11 : 2319-2324, 2000

43 Eimer, M., "An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing" 13 : 427-431, 2002

44 Hayes, J. P., "Alterations in the neural circuitry for emotion and attention associated with posttraumatic stress symptomatology" 172 (172): 7-15, 2009

45 Chun, M. M., "A two‐stage model of multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation" 21 : 109-127, 1995

46 Lee, Y. H., "A study of the reliability and the validity of the BDI, SDS, MMPI-D Scales" 10 (10): 98-113, 1991

47 Semlitsch, H. V., "A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts, applied to the P300 ERP" 23 (23): 695-703, 1986

48 Tanner Jr., "A decision-making theory of visual detection" 61 (61): 401-409, 1954