나보다 나은 사람 혹은 못난 사람은 나에 대한 평가에 영향을 미치는가? : 한국과 미국 대학생들을 중심으로 = Does Superior or Inferior Others Influence Self-evaluation?：Focusing on Korean and American College Students

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 자신보다 우월하거나 열등한 사람이 자기평가에 영향을 미치는 조건을 알아보았다. 또한 집합주의 문화권의 사람들은 자기향상동기가 더 우세하고, 개인주의 문화권의 사람들은 자기고양동기가 더 우세하다는 점에 기초하여, 문화차이도 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2(성공/실패 경험)×2(상향비교/하향비교)×2(비교횟수가 많음/적음)의 설계로 이 변인들이 전반적 자기평가에 미치는 효과를 한국대학생과 미국대학생들을 대상으로 알아보았다. 한국 대학생들을 대상으로 얻은 결과를 보면, 이들은 성공하였거나 실패하였거나에 상관없이 상향비교하면 자기평가가 중간 정도로 유지되었다. 반면에 성공하였을 때보다 실패하였을 때 하향비교하면 자기평가가 더 낮았다. 또한 성공하고나서 상향비교하면 비교횟수가 많을 때 자기평가가 더 낮았으며, 실패하고나서 하향비교하면 비교횟수가 많을 때 자기평가가 더 낮았다. 미국 대학생들을 대상으로 얻은 결과를 보면, 이들은 하향비교할 때에는 비교횟수에 따라 전반적 자기평가가 달라지지 않았으나, 상향비교할 때에는 비교횟수가 많을수록 자기평가가 더 높았다. 또한 실패하고나서 상향비교하면 비교횟수가 많을 때 전반적 자기평가가 더 높았다. 이상에서 얻은 결과를 사회비교가 자기평가에 미치는 효과를 설명하는 선행연구들과 연결하여 논의하고, 제한점을 언급하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigated whether self-evaluation is influenced by superior or inferior others. In addition, on the basis of the perspective that self-improvement motive is dominant among people from collectivistic cultures and self-enhancement motive is dominant among people from individualistic cultures, the role of cultural difference was also explored. For this purpose, with the design of 2 (success / failure experience) × 2 (upward / downward comparison) × 2 (high / low frequency of comparison), the effects of those variables on global self-evaluation were tested among Korean and American college students. The main results were as follows: Koreans' self-evaluation after upward comparison was not affected by experiences of success and failure. Meanwhile, self-evaluation after downward comparison were lowered by experiencing failure. In addition, their self-evaluation got lowered by frequent upward comparison after experiencing success and by frequent downward comparison after experiencing failure. American students' self-evaluation after downward comparison was not affected by the frequency of comparison. However, self-evaluation after upward comparison increased through frequent comparisons. Additionally, global self-evaluation got higher by the frequency of upward comparison after experiencing failure. Finally, results of the present study were discussed in line with previous research and the limitations of this study and the implications for future studies were discussed.

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