Along with the soaring attention on the ecological environment surrounding humans in the wake of recurring abnormal climate and recent environmental disasters, people's desire to live in a safe and pleasant environment becomes strong. Such desire lead...
Along with the soaring attention on the ecological environment surrounding humans in the wake of recurring abnormal climate and recent environmental disasters, people's desire to live in a safe and pleasant environment becomes strong. Such desire leads to a trend of sustainable living in harmony with ecological environment. There is a movement to seek a solution from the traditional village culture in Korea.
Traditional village of Korea originated from the unique ecological environment of each region. Various folk cultures were created and transmitted in this process. Rituals, faiths and plays of the village community are major focus of the village folklore research by the traditional folkloristic and anthropological studies. Recently spatial element and ecological environment of the traditional village become popular as a research material of the village folklore.
Elements composing an ecological environment of the traditional village include mountain, field, river, sea, valley, brook, forrest and pond. Apart from these natural elements, artificial elements also exist in the traditional village. Here, 'Maeulsoop (village grove)' is one of the most representative artificial elements.
Maeulsoop is built and preserved by the village residents. It reflects the history and culture of the village. Traditional Maeulsoop is located inside the village and it represents the unique identity and geological feature of the village. Inspired by this tradition, there is an attempt to build 'Urban Forest' in the modern society based on the idea of building principles of Maeulsoop. It is an attempt to enhance the quality of living environment of today.
This study examined unique meaning and function of Maeulsoop as a reflection of the history and culture of a village. It also examined the possibility of Maeulsoop to become a representative space of the village as a major element of the ecological environment. Accordingly Wonju Seonghwanglim (Sacred Forest) in Wonju-shi, Shinrim-myeon, seongnam-2ri which is the 93rd Natural Monument was examined based on the previous studies of Korean village groves and fieldwork data. Here, I examined the relation between village residents and Maeulsoop as well as symbolicity and spatial function of Maeulsoop.
Maeulsoop is considered sacred, thus the tradition of forbidding any damage to Maeulsoop has been well preserved. The idea of treating Maeulsoop sacred leads to a religious belief in its plants. Wonju Seonghwanglim holds Seonghwangje (worshipping ceremony) to receive Seonghwang spirits annually on the April 7th and September 9th in lunar calendar. Here, a gesture of worship is made to the sacred plants by offering a sacrifice to spirits on Kalopanax located on the left side of Seonghwangdang (altar for a tutelary deity). Such ritual is an example of dendrolatry transmitted and practiced throughout Korea and it functions as an instillation of the sacredness of Maeulsoop to which corresponding plants belong.
Maeulsoop whose unique ecology is well preserved and with which village folklore is well conserved such as Seonghwangje is designated as a natural monument, hence the protection from the government. Wonju Seonghwanglim was recognized as an important and representative natural heritage in Wonju and consequently designated as a natural monument.
After the designation, Wonju Seonghwanglim remained as a 'base of life' for village residents and it was used as recreational, playing and productive spaces. However, as the village population grew and tourists frequently visited Seonghwanglim, vegetation in a lower level was destroyed and ecology of the forrest damaged. As a result of discussion, residents and the local authority erected a metal fence surrounding Seonghwanglim in 1990 to restrict entry of the general public. Such restrictive policy changed the space of Seonghwanglim from the 'base of life' where people freely entered, into an isolated forrest. It lost a meaning as a significant space among residents.
Maeulsoop is gaining attention as a space to educate people with environmental sensibility, provide them with mental and physical comfort, and transmit traditional culture. It is a significant theme in ethnography as a space of village folklore and a product reflecting community culture.