Korea has entered a super-aged society due to rapid declines in fertility and accelerated population aging. Changes in family structure and the weakening of traditional elderly care practices have shifted the responsibility for elder care from familie...
Korea has entered a super-aged society due to rapid declines in fertility and accelerated population aging. Changes in family structure and the weakening of traditional elderly care practices have shifted the responsibility for elder care from families to the state and society as a public obligation. These social changes have led to a rapid increase in long-term care institutions for older adults, along with a continuous rise in the number of care workers.
However, care workers are required to prioritize the emotions of care recipients over their own and to engage in sustained emotional labor in order to comply with organizational rules in negative work environments characterized by excessive demands, verbal abuse, and violence. Such conditions may result in a decline in service quality and an increase in job burnout. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of emotional labor on service quality and job burnout among care workers in long-term care institutions, and to analyze the mediating effect of social support.
To achieve this, a survey was conducted with care workers employed in long-term care institutions located in Yeongdong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, and a total of 317 valid responses were analyzed using the SPSS 26.00 statistical program. To identify the sociodemographic characteristics and distribution of the participants, a frequency analysis was conducted. For the major variables and their sub-dimensions, means were calculated to assess their levels, and descriptive statistics—including skewness and kurtosis—were performed to examine the distributional properties of the data. To analyze group differences according to participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, t-tests and one-way ANOVA were carried out, with Scheffé tests used for post-hoc comparisons. Hierarchical regression analysis was employed to examine the effects among variables, and the three-step regression procedure proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) was applied to test the mediating effects. Multicollinearity was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF). In addition, for variables that demonstrated mediating effects, the Sobel test was conducted to confirm the significance of the indirect effects.
The findings of this study are summarized as follows.
First, emotional labor among care workers was found to have a positive effect on service quality.
While surface acting—the sub-dimension of emotional labor—did not significantly affect service quality, deep acting showed a positive influence, indicating that it plays a beneficial role in enhancing service quality.
Second, emotional labor among care workers was found to have a positive effect on job burnout.
Surface acting had a positive effect on job burnout, whereas deep acting had a negative effect. These findings indicate that different mechanisms operate between the sub-dimensions of emotional labor and suggest that the level of job burnout may increase or decrease depending on which component—surface acting or deep acting—exerts a stronger influence.
Third, social support was found to have a positive effect on service quality. Among its sub-dimensions, emotional support and appraisal support showed positive effects on service quality, indicating that they contribute favorably to improving the quality of services provided by care workers. However, informational support and instrumental support did not exhibit significant effects. Fourth, social support was found to have a negative effect on job burnout. Among its sub-dimensions, appraisal support showed a negative effect on job burnout, indicating that it serves as a positive factor in alleviating burnout. However, emotional support, informational support, and instrumental support did not show significant effects.
Fifth, social support was found to have a mediating effect in the relationship between emotional labor and service quality.
While surface acting—the sub-dimension of emotional labor—did not show a mediating effect through social support, deep acting exerted a significant positive influence on service quality through the mediation of social support.
Sixth, social support was found not to have a mediating effect in the overall relationship between emotional labor and job burnout.
However, deep acting—the sub-dimension of emotional labor—showed a significant positive effect in reducing job burnout through the mediation of social support, and a full mediating effect of social support was identified in this relationship.
Seventh, emotional support, informational support, and appraisal support were found to have partial mediating effects on the relationships between emotional labor and service quality, as well as between deep acting and service quality, indicating that these forms of social support positively contribute to improving service quality.
Eighth, emotional support, informational support, and appraisal support were found to have full mediating effects in the relationship between deep acting and job burnout, indicating that these forms of social support positively contribute to reducing job burnout.
Lastly, among the sub-dimensions of social support, instrumental support was found to have no significant effect on either service quality or job burnout, nor did it exhibit any mediating effects.
Therefore, practical and policy-level efforts centered on the management of emotional labor and the strengthening of social support are essential to enhance service quality and alleviate job burnout among care workers in long-term care institutions for older adults. At the organizational level, it is necessary to reduce surface acting and promote deep acting by fostering a work culture that allows free emotional expression, expanding job autonomy, providing emotional labor education and supervision, and implementing programs focused on empathy and emotional regulation. In addition, organizational cultures that strengthen emotional, informational, and evaluative support, along with fair performance evaluation and encouragement systems, should be established.
At the institutional level, legal and policy measures to protect emotional labor, the expansion of psychological support systems such as Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), and the national standardization of emotional labor–related education are required. These efforts should be accompanied by improvements in working conditions and the establishment of stable workforce management systems.
Such comprehensive initiatives are expected to enhance the positive aspects of emotional labor and strengthen social support, thereby contributing to improved service quality and reduced job burnout among care workers, and ultimately serving as a foundation for the sustainable development of long-term care institutions and the long-term care system.