A handbook of old Chinese phonology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1. Introduction = 1
• 1.1. Goals = 1
• 1.2. The Chinese languages, present and past = 6
• 1.2.1. Chinese syllable structure = 6
• 1.2.2. Dialects or languages? = 7
• 1.2.3. Classification of Chinese dialects = 9
• 1.2.4. Written sources for the history of Chinese = 11
• 1.2.5. Stages in the history of Chinese = 14
• 1.3. Notation and style = 15
• 1.4. Methodological remarks = 17
• 1.4.1. Theoretical assumptions = 17
• 1.4.2. The nature of phonological reconstruction = 18
• 1.4.3. Naturalness in reconstruction = 20
• 1.4.4. Ockham's Razor = 22
• 1.4.5. Defining Old Chinese = 23
• 1.4.6. Evidence from Tibeto-Burman = 25
• 2. The Middle Chinese phonological system = 27
• 2.1. The need for a new transcription system = 27
• 2.2. Major sources of evidence on Middle Chinese = 32
• 2.2.1. Phyme books = 33
• 2.2.2. The rhyme-table tradition = 41
• 2.3. The initials of Middle Chinese = 45
• 2.3.1. Labial initials (ch$$\acute u$$n y$$\bar i$$n 脣音 'lip sounds') = 46
• 2.3.2. Dentals (sh$$\acute e$$ t$$\acute o$$u y$$\bar i$$n 舌頭音 'tongue-head sounds') = 49
• 2.3.3. Lateral (b$$\acute a$$n sh$$\acute e$$ y$$\bar i$$n 半舌音 'half tongue sound') = 49
• 2.3.4. Retroflex stops(Sh$$\acute e$$ sh$$\acute a$$ng y$$\bar i$$n 舌上音 'tongue sound') = 49
• 2.3.5. Dental sibilants (ch$$\check i$$ t$$\acute o$$u y$$\bar i$$n 齒頭音 'tooth-head sounds') = 51
• 2.3.6. Palatal sibilants = 52
• 2.3.7. Palatal sibilants = 52
• 2.3.8. Retroflex sibilants = 56
• 2.3.9. Velars (y$$\acute a$$y$$\bar i$$n 牙音 ' back-tooth sounds') = 27
• 2.3.10. Laaryngeals (h$$\acute o$$uy$$\acute i$$n 喉音 'throat sounds') = 59
• 2.3.11. Natural classes of initials = 59
• 2.4. The finals of Middle Chinese = 61
• 2.4.1. Distributional classes of finals = 63
• 2.4.2. Summary of Middle Chinese finals = 81
• 3. Rhymes as evidence in historical phonology = 87
• 3.1. Rhyme and phonological structure = 88
• 3.1.1. Defining rhyme = 89
• 3.2. A statistical method for analyzing rhyme data = 97
• 3.2.1. A model of rhyme-word choice = 100
• 3.2.2. Modeling individual rhyme sequences = 101
• 3.2.3. Evaluating samples of sequences = 104
• 3.2.4. Combining results for sequences of different lengths = 107
• 3.2.5. The accuracy of the initial estimates of frequency = 112
• 3.2.6. A method for small samples with no mixed sequences = 116
• 3.2.7. Issues of implementation = 118
• 3.3. Illustrative examples = 128
• 3.3.1. The 冬 D$$\bar o$$ng and 侵 Q$$\bar i$$n rhyme groups = 128
• 3.3.2. A negative case: high and mid vowels in the 0 Zh$$\acute e$$n group = 135
• 4. Traditional research on Old Chinese rhyming = 139
• 4.1. Traditional phonology: achievements and limitations = 139
• 4.2. The traditional analysis-a modern version = 141
• 4.3. The development of the traditional analysis = 150
• 4.3.1. The xi$$\acute e$$y$$\acute u$$n ('harmonizing rhymes') theory = 150
• 4.3.2. W$$\acute u$$ Y$$\grave u$$ (ca. 1100-1154) = 154
• 4.3.3. Ch$$\acute e$$n D$$\grave i$$ (1541-1617) = 154
• 4.3.4. G$$\acute u$$ Y$$\acute a$$nw$$\check u$$ (1613-1682) = 155
• 4.3.5. Ji$$\bar a$$ng Y$$\check o$$ng (1681-1762) = 157
• 4.3.6. Du$$\grave a$$n Y$$\grave u$$c$$\acute a$$i (1735-1815) = 160
• 4.3.7. D$$\grave a$$i Zh$$\gravee e$$n (1724-1777) = 162
• 4.3.8. K$$\check o$$ng Gu$$\check a$$ngs$$\bar e$$n (1752-1786) = 164
• 4.3.9 W$$\acute a$$ng Ni$$\grave a$$ns$$\bar u$$n (1744-1832) = 166
• 4.3.10. Ji$$\bar a$$ng Y$$\acute o$$ug$$\acute a$$o (d. 1851) = 171
• 4.4. Discussion and interpretation = 171
• 5. The Old Chinese syllable: an overview = 175
• 5.1. Pre-initials = 175
• 5.2. Initials = 177
• 5.3. Medials = 178
• 5.4. Main vowels = 180
• 5.5. Codas and post-codas = 181
• 5.6. The syllable from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese = 183
• 6. The Old Chinese syllable: initial consonants = 187
• 6.1. Simple initials = 188
• 6.1.1. Labial initials = 188
• 6.1.2. Dental initials = 191
• 6.1.3. Nonnasal resonants = 196
• 6.1.4. Dental sibilants = 203
• 6.1.5. Velars and laryngeals = 206
• 6.1.6. Labiovelars and labiolaryngeals = 214
• 6.2. Initial clusters = 218
• 6.2.1. Voicing alternations and pre-initial *fi- = 218
• 6.2.2. The pre-initial *N- = 221
• 6.2.3. Clusters with *s- = 222
• 6.2.4. Clusters with *l = 232
• 7. The Old Chinese syllable: medials and main vowels = 235
• 7.1. Syllables without medials: divisions Ⅰand Ⅳ = 236
• 7.1.1. The rounded-vowel hypothesis = 236
• 7.1.2. The front-vowel hypothesis = 240
• 7.1.3. The six-vowel system = 248
• 7.1.4. Comparison with Li Fang-kuei's system = 253
• 7.1.5. Main vowels before other codas = 256
• 7.2. Syllables with medial *-r-: division Ⅱ = 258
• 7.2.1. *r-color and *r-loss = 259
• 7.2.2. Evidence for the *r-hypothesis = 262
• 7.2.3. Division-Ⅱ syllables with initials of type TSr- = 267
• 7.3. Syllables with medial *-j-and *-rj-: division Ⅲ = 269
• 7.3.1. Division-Ⅲ finals and their Old Chinese origins = 269
• 7.3.2. The *rj-hypothesis = 280
• 7.3.3. The nature of the Middle Chinese ch$$\acute o$$ngni$$\breve u$$ distinctions = 282
• 7.3.4. The origin and phonetic nature of *-j- = 287
• 8. The Old Chinese syllable: codas and post-codas = 291
• 8.1. The codas of Old Chinese = 292
• 8.1.1. Codas *zero, *-j, and *-w = 292
• 8.1.2. Nasal codas *-m, *-n, and *-ng = 298
• 8.1.3. Voiceless stop codas: *-p, *-t, *-k, and *-wk = 299
• 8.2. Post-codas and the development of tones = 302
• 8.2.1. The Old Chinese origins of tones = 302
• 8.2.2. The origin of q$$\grave u$$sh$$\bar e$$ng (departing tone) = 308
• 8.2.3. The origin of sh$$\check a$$ngsh$$\bar e$$ng (high or rising tone) = 319
• 8.3. Karlgren's final voiced stop hypothesis = 325
• 8.3.1. The development of the final voiced stop hypothesis = 325
• 8.3.2. Direct and indirect contacts with r$$\grave u$$sh$$\bar e$$ng = 329
• 8.3.3. Arguments against final voiced stops = 332
• 8.3.4. Accounting for r$$\grave u$$sh$$\bar e$$ng contacts = 336
• 8.4. Comparison with other systems = 340
• 9. The script and text of the Sh$$\bar i$$j$$\bar i$$ng = 343
• 9.1. Stages in the development of the Chinese script = 344
• 9.2. Xi$$\acute e$$sh$$\bar e$$ng characters and their interpretation = 347
• 9.3. The text of the Sh$$\bar i$$j$$\bar i$$ng = 355
• 9.3.1. The present form of the Sh$$\bar i$$j$$\bar i$$ng = 355
• 9.3.2. "Pronunciation errors" in the Sh$$\bar i$$j$$\bar i$$ng = 358
• 9.3.3. "Pronunciation errors" affecting rhyme words = 361
• 10. New rhyme categories for Old Chinese = 367
• 10.1. Syllables with acute codas = 370
• 10.1.1. The traditional 元 Yu$$\acute a$$n group = 370
• 10.1.2. The traditional 月 Yu$$\grave e$$ and 祭 J$$\grave i$$ groups = 289
• 10.1.3. The traditional 歌 G$$\bar e$$ group = 413
• 10.1.4. The traditional 貞 Zh$$\bar e$$n group = 422
• 10.1.5. The traditional 文 W$$\acute e$$n group = 425
• 10.1.6. The traditional 質 Zh$$\acute i$$ group = 434
• 10.1.7. The traditional 物 W$$\acute u$$ group = 437
• 10.1.8. The traditional 脂 Zh$$\bar i$$ and 微 W$$\bar e$$i groups = 446
• 10.2. Syllables with zero or back codas = 464
• 10.2.1. The traditional 之 Zh$$\bar i$$ group = 464
• 10.2.2. The traditional 職 Zh$$\acute i$$group = 472
• 10.2.3. The traditional 蒸 Zh$$\bar e$$ng group = 476
• 10.2.4. The traditional 魚 Y$$\acute u$$ group = 478
• 10.2.5. The traditional 鐸 Du$$\acute o$$ group = 484
• 10.2.6. The traditional 陽 Y$$\acute a$$ng group = 489
• 10.2.7. The traditional 支 Zh$$\bar i$$ group = 491
• 10.2.8. The traditional 錫 X$$\bar i$$ group = 494
• 10.2.9. The traditional 耕 G$$\bar e$$ng group = 497
• 10.2.10. The traditional 候 H$$\acute o$$u group = 500
• 10.2.11. The traditional 屋 W$$\bar U$$ group = 503
• 10.2.12. The traditional 東 D$$\bar o$$ng group = 505
• 10.2.13. The traditional 幽 Y$$\bar o$$u group = 507
• 10.2.14. The traditional 覺 Ju$$\acute e$$ group = 518
• 10.2.15. The traditional 冬 D$$\bar o$$ng group = 524
• 10.2.16. The traditional 宵 Xi$$\bar a$$o group = 526
• 10.2.17. The traditional 藥 Y$$\atute a$$o group = 532
• 10.3. Syllables with labial codas = 536
• 10.3.1. The traditional 談 T$$\acute a$$n group = 537
• 10.3.2. The traditional 합 H$$\acute e$$ group = 543
• 10.3.3. The traditional 侵 Q$$\bar i$$n group = 548
• 10.3.4. The traditional 絹 Q$$\bar i$$ group = 555
• 10.4. Summary of rhyme groups = 560
• Appendix A. Phonological changes from Old to Middle Chinese = 565
• Appendix B. The rhymes of the Sh$$\bar i$$j$$\bar i$$ng = 583
• Appendix C. The rhyme words of the Sh$$\bar i$$j$$\bar i$$ng = 745
• Notes = 813
• References = 867
• Index = 905