Aids update : an annual overview of acquired immune deficiency syndrome . 2003

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Features = ⅹ
• Preface = xv
• Introduction : Histories of Global Pandemics, World AIDS Conferences, Overview of HIV／AIDS, and the AIDS Quilt = 1
• 1 Discovering AIDS, Naming the Disease = 25
• Chapter Concepts = 25
• AIDS : A Disease or a Syndrome? = 25
• What Causes AIDS? = 25
• How Does HIV Cause AIDS? = 26
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports = 27
• Discovery of the AIDS Virus = 28
• Defining the Illness : AIDS Surveillance = 30
• Summary = 32
• Review Questions = 32
• 2 What Casuses AIDS : Origin of the AIDS Virus = 33
• Chapter Concepts = 33
• The Cause of AIDS : The Human Immunodeficiency Virus = 33
• Newsweek Magazine Again! = 39
• What Do You Believe and Why? = 40
• Origin of HIV : The AIDS virus. = 42
• Summary on the Origin of HIV = 48
• Summary = 51
• Review Questions = 51
• 3 Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus = 52
• Chapter Concepts = 52
• Viruses Need Help = 52
• Viruses Are Parasites = 53
• Retroviruses = 53
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) = 55
• Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes = 59
• Genetic Revolution = 64
• Formation of Genetic Mutations in HIV = 65
• Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV = 65
• Distinct Genotypes(Subtypes／Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG　Proteins = 67
• Summary = 71
• Review Questions = 71
• 4 Anti-HIV Therapy = 72
• Chapter Concepts = 72
• Anti-HIV Therapy = 72
• Anti-HIV Drugs With FDA Approval = 74
• HIV／AIDS Drugs Receiving FDA Approval = 76
• FDA-Approved Nucleoside, Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors = 79
• Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors = 82
• FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors = 82
• Protease Inhibitors = 83
• Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants = 85
• Development of Drug-Resistant Protease Inhibitors = 85
• How Combination Drug Therapy can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance = 90
• HIV Therapy Cut-Off Points = 94
• Viral Load : Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS = 94
• Medical Complications Associated With Anti-HIV Drug Therapies = 96
• Two Most Sobering Reports on AIDS - Related Deaths = 101
• Pediatric Anti-HIV Therapy = 112
• Protease Inhibitors and Pregnancy = 112
• Disclaimer = 112
• Summary = 112
• Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines = 113
• Other Organizations and Websites = 113
• Review Questions = 115
• 5 The Immunology of HIV Disease／AIDS = 116
• Chapter Concepts = 116
• The Immune System = 116
• Development of Human Immune System Cells = 116
• Human Lymphocytes : T Cells and B Cells = 120
• Antibodies and Viruses = 126
• Antibodies and HIV Disease = 130
• Immune System Dysfunction = 131
• FUSIN or CXCKR-4(R4) = 134
• CC-CKR-5(R-5) Receptor = 135
• CCKR-2(R2) and CCKR-3(R3) Receptors = 136
• Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection = 136
• T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression = 139
• Impact of T4 Cell Depletion = 142
• Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection = 142
• Summary = 145
• Review Questions = 145
• 6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease／AIDS = 146
• Chapter Concepts = 146
• What is an Opportunistic Disease? = 146
• The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases = 146
• Prophylaxis Against Opportunistic Infections = 147
• Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People = 147
• TB nd HIV = 160
• Cancer or Malignancy in AIDS Patients = 161
• Neuropathies in HIV Disease／AIDS Patients = 167
• Disclaimer = 168
• Summary = 168
• Review Questions = 168
• HIV／AIDS Self - Education Quiz = 169
• 7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS = 170
• Chapter Concepts = 170
• HIV Disease Defined = 170
• Stages of HIV Disease = 172
• HIV Disease Without Symptoms, With Symptoms, and AIDS = 181
• Aspects of HIV Infection = 183
• Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies = 184
• Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression = 187
• HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System = 193
• Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms = 194
• Summary = 196
• Review Questions = 196
• 8 Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus = 197
• Chapter Concepts = 197
• HIV as a Communicable Disease = 198
• We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! = 199
• Epidemiology of HIV Infection = 199
• Transmission of Two Strains of HIV(HIV-1／HIV-2) = 200
• Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? = 201
• HIV Transmission = 201
• HIV Transmission in Family／Household Settings = 202
• Noncasual Transmission = 203
• United States : Heterosexual IDU = 230
• Caesarean Section = 246
• Public Confidence : Acceptance of Current Dogma on Routes of HIV Transmission = 248
• Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs) About HIV and AIDS = 250
• National AIDS Resources = 252
• Summary = 252
• Review Questions = 253
• 9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV = 255
• Chapter Concepts = 255
• Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Stop the Spread of AIDS = 255
• Global Prevention = 255
• Prevention of Infectious Diseases : HIV／AIDS = 257
• Preventing the Transmission of HIV = 258
• Behavioral Change = 262
• New Rules to an Old Game : Promoting Safer Sex = 265
• Male Tolerance to Microbicides = 280
• Injection Drug Use and HIV Transmission : The Twin Epidemics = 280
• HIV Prevention for Injection Drug Users = 280
• Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission = 286
• Infection Control Procedures = 288
• Partner Notification = 292
• Vaccine Development = 294
• Vaccine Production = 298
• DNA Vaccine = 300
• Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine = 300
• Human HIV Vaccine Trials = 303
• Update 2001／2002 Vaccinology Breakthrough = 304
• Summary = 307
• Review Questions = 307
• 10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases,and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States and AIDS in Other Countries = 309
• Chapter Concepts = 309
• A Word About Data = 310
• The Millennium : Year 2003 = 313
• Formula for Estimating HIV Infections = 314
• Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation = 316
• Estimates of HIV Infection and Future AIDS Cases = 330
• Newly Infected = 332
• U.S. Estimates Lead to Confusion. Whose Figures are Correct? : Issues of Credibility = 334
• Shape of the HIV Pandemic : United States = 335
• Shape of AIDS Pandemic : United States = 336
• Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States = 338
• United States - Who Is Dying of AIDS? = 342
• Life Expectancy = 343
• Connected But Separate = 343
• Africa is Dying Through Darwinian Perversion = 344
• Workforce - South Africa : Some Examples = 347
• Education : Teachers and Students - South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa = 349
• Other Time Bombs : China, India, and Russia = 349
• Summary = 353
• Resources = 354
• Review Questions = 354
• 11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women, Children, and Teenagers in the United States = 356
• Chapter Concepts = 356
• Women : AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide = 357
• Women : HIV - Positive and AIDS Cases - United States = 358
• Internet = 369
• Pediatric HIV - Positive and AIDS Cases - United States = 371
• Orphaned Children due to HIV Infection and AIDS = 373
• Contacts for Information on Use of Anti-retroviral Drugs During Pregnancy = 383
• Global HIV Infections in Young Adults = 384
• Teenagers : HIV - Positive and AIDS Cases - United States = 385
• HIV／AIDS Won't Affect Us! = 387
• Young People and HIV／AIDS Worldwide and in Africa = 391
• Summary = 393
• Internet = 394
• Other Useful Sources = 394
• Review Questions = 394
• 12 Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus = 396
• Chapter Concepts = 396
• Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV is Present = 397
• Requests for HIV Testing = 397
• Reasons for HIV Testing = 397
• Avoiding HIV Testing = 398
• Immunodiagnostic Techniques for Detecting Antibodies to HIV = 398
• ELISA HIV Antibody Test = 399
• Western Blot Assay = 406
• Other Screening and Confirmatory Tests = 412
• Rapid HIV Testing = 415
• Viral Load : Measuring HIV RNA = 418
• Detection of HIV Infection In Newborns = 419
• FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits = 421
• Reporting HIV Infections = 423
• Who Should be Tested for HIV Infection? = 424
• Why is HIV Test Information Necessary? = 425
• Immigration Into the United States = 426
• Testing, Competency, and Informed Consent = 429
• Person-to-Person : Disclosure of HIV Infection = 434
• Summary = 435
• Review Questions = 436
• 13 AIDS and Society : Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior = 437
• Chapter Concepts = 437
• The New Millennium and HIV／AIDS = 437
• HIV／AIDS is an Unusual Disease = 438
• AIDS Is Here to Stay = 439
• AIDS = 439
• Blame Someone, D$$\acute e$$j$$\grave a$$ Vu = 440
• Fear : Panic and Hysteria Over the Spread of HIV／AIDS in the United States = 440
• Actions of Courage = 442
• Whom is the General Public to Believe? = 442
• AIDS Education and Behavior = 449
• The Character of Society = 460
• Federal and Private Sector Financing : Creation of an AIDS Industry = 472
• U.S. Government Believes HIV／AIDS is a Threat to National Security = 479
• Golbal HIV／AIDS Funding for Under-Developed Nations = 479
• Summary = 485
• Review Questions = 486
• Epilogue = 487
• Answers to Review Questions = 489
• Glossary = 496
• References = 503
• Index = 527