미국 외교사학과 ‘제국’ 담론의 전복 = 신보수주의와 존L. 개디스의 본질주의 외교사학

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This essay seeks to trace the intellectual connection between the discourse on the American 'empire', which has been spread beyond the political science academia in recent years, and the changes in the way American intellectuals understood the American role in the post-war world. The new stream of 'imperial discourse' suggests a profoundly different idea of what the American 'empire' should mean, as opposed to what the revisionist diplomatic historians had understood by the terms of Ameircan imperialism and the American empire. This meant that 'a semantic overturn' has taken place about what should be meant by 'empire.'
This essay finds the beginning of this semantic overturn in the essentialist interpretations of the Cold War origins by John Lewis Gaddis in the early 1980s. In tum, his new concept of the American empire is traced to the works of the 1960s and the 1970s of the neo-conservative intellectual movement spearheaded by Irving Kristol,
The paper first pays attention to the essentialist orientation of Gaddis' diplomatic historical studies, by employing the typology of Raymond Garthoff. It indicates a way of understanding the fundamental origin of the Cold War in the inherent contradiction between the respective essences of the internal characteristics of the two great powers of the Soviet Union and the United States.
Gaddis' own main work in the early 1970s was based on a very different perspective that focused primarily on the behavioral interactive relations between the two superpowers. As to why he moved to an essentialist historical interpretation, this essay discusses initially the role the papers of Geir Lundestad and Bruce Kuniholm about 'the American empire by invitation' played. By empolying this new definition of American empire, Gaddis could establish a new trend in American scholorship of diplomatic history that contrasted starkly the American empire as a passively invited and morally superior imperial entity to the assertive and oppressive nature of the Soviet empire. Here Gaddis' notion of 'moral equivalence' plays an important role of conceptual mediation.
This essay's key focus lies in clarifying the mediating role of the neo-conservatism in the overall intellectual landscape of the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. By identifying the way Irving Kristol understood and employed the terminology of empire, the essay traces the link between the diplomatic historical studies and the semantically overturned discourse on the American 'empire,' which has become intellectually decent to talk about, especially in recent years.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 존 L. 개디스, "새로 쓰는 냉전의 역사" 사회평론 2002

2 이삼성, "미국의 신보수주의 외교이념과 민주주의: 현실주의와 도덕철학의 한 결합양식" 11 (11): 81-112, 2005

3 이삼성, "동아시아와 냉전의 기원: 전략과 정체성" 서울 외교안보연구원 2005

4 Wolfowitz, Paul, "“Statesmanship in the New Century, in Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy" San Francisco: Encounter Books 2000

5 Lundestad, Geir, "‘Empire by Invitation’in the American Century" 23 (23): 1999

6 Gaddis, John Lewis, "We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History" Oxford:Oxford University Press 1997

7 Krauthammer, Charles, "Universal Dominion, in America’s Purpose: New Visions of U.S. Foreign Policy" San Francisco: ICS Press 1991

8 Gaddis, John Lewis, "The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947" New York: Columbia University Press 1972

9 Gaddis, John Lewis, "The Tragedy of Cold War History" 17 (17): 1993

10 Gaddis, John Lewis, "The Rise, Fall, and Future of Detente" 1983

11 Strauss, Leo, "The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism" Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 1989

12 Paterson, Thomas G, "The Origins of the Cold War, Third Edition" Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company 1991

13 Kuniholm, Bruce R, "The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey and Greece" Princeton 1979

14 LaFeber, Walter, "The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism,1860-1898" Ithaca 1963

15 Steinfels, Peter, "The Neoconservatives: The men who are changing America’s politics" New York: Simon and Schuster 1979

16 Latham, Robert, "The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of the Postwar International Order" New York: Columbia University Press 1997

17 Bacevich, Andrew J, "The Imperial Tense: Prospects and Problems of merican Empire" Chicago: Ivan R. Dee 2003

18 Garthoff, Raymond L, "The Great Transformation: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War" Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution 1994

19 Gaddis, John Lewis, "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War" 7 (7): 1983

20 Gaddis, John Lewis, "The Cold War: A New History" New York: The Penguin Press 2005

21 Gaddis, John Lewis Gaddis, "The Cold War Revisited" Foreign Policy Research Institute’s History Institute 1998

22 Lundestad, Geir, "The American “Empire”and Other Studies of US Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective" Oxford-Oslo 1990

23 Gaddis, John Lewis, "Surprise, Security, and the American Experience" Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2004

24 Taubman, William, "Stalin’s American Policy: From Entente to Detente to Cold War" New York 1982

25 Mastny, Vojtech, "Russia’s Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism,1941-1945" New York 1979

26 Gaddis, John Lewis, "Russia, The Soviet Union and The United States: An Interpretive History" New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. 1978

27 Dallin, Alexander, "Reagan and the Russians: United States Policy toward the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, in agle Defiant: United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s" Little, Brown and Company 1983

28 Gaddis, John Lewis Gaddis, "Peace, Legitimacy, and the Post-Cold War World: Where Do We Go From Here? in The Fall of Great Powers:Peace, Stability, and Legitimacy" New York: Oxford University Press

29 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M, "Origins of the Cold War" 46 : 1967

30 Gaddis, John Lewis, "On Moral Equivalency and Cold War History" 10 : 1996

31 Herbert, Bob, "Nuclear Madness" 2006

32 Fein, Seth, "New Empire into Old: Making Mexican Newsreels the Cold War Way" 28 (28): 2004

33 Kristol, Irving, "Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea" Chicago: Ivan R. Dee 1995

34 Bennett, William, "Morality, Character and American Foreign Policy,”in Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy" San Francisco: Encounter Books 2000

35 Cumings, Bruce, "Liberal Order in Our Time: Toward A Moratorium on the Slaying of Dilemmas" 24 (24): 2000

36 Drury, Shadia B, "Leo Strauss and the American Right" New York: St. Martin’s, Press 1999

37 Lal, Deepak, "In Defense of Empires, in The Imperial Tense: Prospects and Problems of American Empire" Chicago: Ivan R. Dee 2003

38 Lundestad, Geir, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe,1945-1952" 23 : 1986

39 Lundestad, Geir, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952" 15 : 1984

40 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, "Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and Reason in Politics" New York: A Touchstone Book 1982

41 Kaplan, Amy, "Cultures of United States Imperialism" Durham: Duke University Press 1993

42 Lundestad, Geir, "American Non-Policy Towards Eastern Europe" Oslo 1978

43 Holsti, Ole R, "American Leadership in World Affairs:Vietnam and the Breakdown of Consensus" Boston: Allen & Unwin 1984

44 Lundestad, Geir, "America, Scandinavia, and the Cold War, 1945-1949" New York 1980

45 Halper, Stefan, "America Alone: The Neo-conservatives and the Global Order" Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004

46 Leffler, Melvyn P, "A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War" Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992

47 Kirkpatrick, Jeane J, "A Normal Country in a Normal Time, in America’s Purpose" 1991

48 존 L. 개디스, "9.11의 충격과 미국의 거대전략: 미국의 안보경험과 대응" 서울: 나남출판 2004