Newly Appointed University Professors at Chinese universities are required to perform a wide range of tasks, including teaching, research, student guidance, and organizational and administrative work. This multifaceted role structure poses substantial...
Newly Appointed University Professors at Chinese universities are required to perform a wide range of tasks, including teaching, research, student guidance, and organizational and administrative work. This multifaceted role structure poses substantial challenges for individuals entering the academic profession. In China, newly appointed university professors are typically appointed through selection processes that emphasize pre-appointment research performance; however, following appointment, they are immediately confronted with qualitatively different job demands, such as course design, student supervision, participation in administrative affairs, and performance evaluation tasks.
Such role-transition pressure is further intensified by structural changes in the higher education environment, including the acceleration of digital transformation, the strengthening of performance-based evaluation systems, and the expansion of data-driven administrative practices. Within this context, AI competency has emerged as a core capability influencing multiple aspects of academic work, including instructional design, research productivity, and student support. Moreover, work overload and heightened performance expectations during the early stage of appointment impose considerable psychological and cognitive burdens on newly appointed university professors, making resilience a critical foundation for sustaining job performance and professional development.
Against this backdrop, pre-appointment performance, AI competency, and resilience function as interactive and dynamic factors in understanding the job competency of newly appointed university professors. Systematically examining the relationships among these factors is essential for developing effective faculty capability-building strategies. However, empirical research that simultaneously and systematically analyzes the relationships among pre-appointment performance, AI competency, resilience, and job competency remains limited. Therefore, this study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine how pre-appointment performance influences the job competency of newly appointed university professors, both directly and indirectly, through AI competency and resilience. Based on this framework, the following research questions are proposed. The specific research questions are as follows.
1. What is the effect of pre-appointment performance on the overall job competency of newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
2. How does pre-appointment performance affect basic competency, a sub-dimension of job competency, among newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
3. Does resilience mediate the relationship between pre-appointment performance and overall job competency of newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
4. Does resilience mediate the relationship between pre-appointment performance and basic competency among newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
5. Does AI competency mediate the relationship between pre-appointment performance and overall job competency of newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
6. Does AI competency mediate the relationship between pre-appointment performance and basic competency among newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
7. Do individual and institutional characteristics—such as academic rank, department affiliation, and university type—function as control variables in the relationships among pre-appointment performance, job competency, AI competency, and resilience of newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities?
In this study, the following methods and procedures were implemented to adressing the research questions. First, based on an extensive review of domestic and international literature, the ‘Job Competency Scale’ for newly appointed faculty was developed and validated. The ‘Job Competency Scale’ is composed of ‘basic competencies’, ‘teaching competencies’, and ‘research competencies’, and each subdomain includes two scenarios with three items per scenario, for a total of 36 items. The “Resilience Scale” was adapted and refined from the academic resilience scale for university students developed by Baek et al. (2021), taking into account the real working conditions of newly appointed faculty in China. The “Resilience Scale” comprises consists of five subdomains: Self-efficacy, Situational Judgment, Resource utilization, Vitality, and Future orientation. There are three scenarios per subdomain and three items per scenario, totaling 45 items. The “AI Competency Scale” was developed by reviewing the AI competencies required of Chinese teachers and the AI competency scale for high school students by Baek et al. (2024), and further adapting these to align with the real work responsibilities of newly appointed university faculty. The “AI Competency Scale” is composed of five subdomains: AI literacy, AI teaching competence, AI research competence, AI professional development competence, and AI ethics. Each subdomain includes one scenario and two items, resulting in 30 items. Content validity for all three scales was examined through written evaluations by a panel of 10 experts in educational measurement and evaluation, and face validity was assessed through Focus Group Interviews. Construct validity was verified through confirmatory factor analysis using SEM, and reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. All three scales demonstrated satisfactory levels of validity and reliability.
To ensure validity, face validityof all three scales was examined through a focus group interview with 10 Chinese university professors, and content validitywas verified through written evaluations conducted by an expert panel consisting of 10 specialists in educational measurement and evaluation. A pilot study was then conducted with 112 newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine construct validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. The results indicated that all three scales demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability.
To collect empirical data, the survey was administered to 271 newly appointed university professors working at Chinese universities. To clarify the temporal ordering among variables, pre-appointment performanceand job competencywere measured in August 2025, whereas resilienceand AI competencywere measured in October 2025. This time-lagged design was intended to reduce common method bias and to strengthen the interpretation of directional relationships among variables. Using the collected data, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling were conducted to examine the structural relationships among pre-appointment performance, resilience, AI competency, and job competency of newly appointed university professors.
The major findings of this study are summarized as follows.
First, pre-appointment performance was found to have no direct effect on overall job competency. However, pre-appointment performance showed a positive effect on basic competency, a sub-dimension of job competency. Specifically, the standardized coefficient for the effect of pre-appointment performance on basic competency was 0.122 and statistically significant when control variables (position, department, institutional characteristics) were not included (p< .05). When these control variables were included in the model, the standardized coefficient decreased to 0.109 and was no longer statistically significant.
Second, pre-appointment performance did not have a direct effect on resilience. Resilience, however, was found to have a positive effect on job competency. At the sub-dimension level, resilience exhibited a statistically significant positive effect only on basic competency. The standardized coefficient for the effect of resilience on basic competency was 0.538 without control variables and 0.540 with control variables included; both effects were statistically significant (p< .001).
Third, pre-appointment performance was found to have a negative effect on AI competency. AI competency, in turn, had a positive effect on job competency. More specifically, AI competency showed a statistically significant positive effect only on basic competency, a sub-dimension of job competency. The standardized coefficient for the effect of pre-appointment performance on AI competency was -0.165 without control variables and -0.192 with control variables included; both effects were statistically significant (p< .01). In addition, the standardized coefficient for the effect of AI competency on basic competency was 0.303 when control variables were not included and 0.289when control variables were included; both coefficients were statistically significant (p< .001).
Fourth, the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between pre-appointment performance and job competency was not statistically significant.
Fifth, AI competency was found to fully mediate the effect of pre-appointment performance on job competency. AI competency also fully mediated the effect of pre-appointment performance on basic competency, a sub-dimension of job competency. Results of the bootstrapping analysis indicated that the direct effect of pre-appointment performance on job competency was not statistically significant in either the model without control variables or the model with control variables included.
Similarly, the direct effect of pre-appointment performance on basic competencywas not statistically significant in either model. In contrast, the standardized coefficient for the indirect effect of pre-appointment performance on basic competency through AI competency was -0.051 in the model without control variables and -0.055 in the model with control variables, and both effects were statistically significant (p< .05).
In summary, this study developed scenario-based measurement instrumentsfor job competency, resilience, and AI competency tailored to newly appointed university professors at Chinese universities, and employed structural equation modeling to systematically examine how pre-appointment performance influences job competency through resilience and AI competency. The findings demonstrate that AI competency fully mediates the relationship between pre-appointment performance and job competency, whereas resilience does not exhibit a significant mediating effect. These results suggest that universities should move beyond an exclusive reliance on research performance-based criteria in faculty recruitment and selection processes. Instead, institutional mechanisms should be established to strengthen competencies that are closely aligned with actual job performance, particularly AI-related competenciesthat support teaching, research, and academic work in digitally transformed higher education environments. This study targeted newly appointed university professors working at universities in Shandong Province and Beijing, China, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other regions. Given that appointment conditions and institutional policies for newly appointed university professors vary across regions and universities, future research should include samples from more diverse geographical areas and institutional contexts to further validate and extend the findings of this study.