Handbook of nutrition in the aged

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• NUTRITION DISEASE AND BODY FUNCTION
• Chapter 1 Obesity in the Aged / Bertil Steen = 3
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 4
• Ⅱ. Body Fat = 4
• Ⅲ. Definitions of Overweight and Obesity = 5
• Ⅳ. Risks of Overweight and Obesity = 6
• Ⅴ. Etiological Factors = 6
• Ⅵ. Other Complications of Obesity for Health Care and Nursing of the Elderly = 7
• Ⅶ. Treatment = 8
• References = 8
• Chapter 2 Adult Protein-Calorie Malnutrition Among Special Populations and Developing Countries / Mary E. Mohs = 11
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 12
• Ⅱ. Overview of Etiology = 12
• Ⅲ. Aging Effects and PCM = 13
• Ⅳ. Adults and PCM Effects of War = 14
• Ⅴ. PCM and Refugees = 17
• Ⅵ. Parasitic Diseases, Immunity, and Nutrition in Adults = 19
• Ⅶ. PCM in Adults in Developing Countries = 21
• Ⅷ. PCM in Women of Child-Bearing Age in Developing Countries = 22
• Ⅸ. Adaptation to Malnutrition = 25
• Ⅹ. Repletion or Renutrition of PCM Adults = 26
• XI. Changes in Malnourished Adults in LDC on a Cellular or Molecular Level = 27
• XII. Prevention of PCM in Adults = 29
• Acknowledgments = 30
• References = 30
• Chapter 3 Membrane Alterations by Omega-3 Fatty Acids : Effect on Aging / William Stillwell ; Laura J. Jenski = 37
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 38
• Ⅱ. Phospholipids and Membranes = 38
• Ⅲ. Omega-3 Fatty Acids = 39
• Ⅳ. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Mitochondria = 44
• Ⅴ. Aging and the T Lymphocyte = 45
• Ⅵ. How Can Membrane Lipid Influence the Aged T Lymphocyte? = 47
• Ⅶ. Altering the Aged Membrane Through Dietary Lipids = 50
• Ⅷ. Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Reversing Age-Related Membrane Damage = 51
• Acknowledgments = 52
• References = 53
• Chapter 4 Aging and Body Composition / Scott B. Going ; Timothy G. Lohman = 73
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 58
• Ⅱ. Body Compartments = 58
• Ⅲ. Methods = 59
• A. Anthropometry = 60
• Ⅳ. Changes in Fat-Free Body Mass With Aging = 61
• A. Total Body Water = 61
• B. Bone Mineral = 63
• C. Protein and Muscle Mass = 64
• Ⅴ. Absolute and Relative Body Fat = 64
• Ⅵ. Physical Activity = 66
• Ⅶ. Summary = 66
• References = 67
• Chapter 5 Aging, Insulin Secretion, and Cellular Senescence / Rodney C. Ruhe ; Roger B. McDonald = 93
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 74
• Ⅱ. Aging, Insulin Secretion, and Glucose Homeostasis = 74
• Ⅲ. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine Pancreas and Insulin Secretion = 77
• A. Aging and Physical Alterations in the Pancreas and Islets = 79
• B. In Vitro Analysis of Insulin Secretion = 80
• C. Aging and Insulin Biosynthesis = 82
• Ⅳ. Aging and the Stimulus-Secretion Coupling Mechanism of Insulin Secretion = 83
• A. β-Cell Glucose Oxidation and Aging = 85
• B. Ion Channel Activity and Aging = 86
• C. Calcium and Second Messengers of Insulin Secretion = 87
• Ⅴ. Summary and Conclusions = 88
• References = 89
• Chapter 6 Involuntary Weight Loss in the Elderly / Jeffrey I. Wallace ; Robert S. Schwartz = 111
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 100
• Ⅱ. Defining Clinically Important Weight Loss = 100
• Ⅲ. Incidence and Significance of Weight Loss = 101
• Ⅳ. Changes in Body Size and Composition With Aging = 102
• Ⅴ. Etiology of Involuntary Weight Loss in the Elderly = 103
• Ⅵ. Diagnostic Evaluation = 106
• Ⅶ. Treatment and Prognosis = 107
• Ⅷ. Summary = 109
• References = 109
• Chapter 7 Age-Related Membrane Alterations : Modulation by Dietary Restriction / Sung Yeul Yang ; Byung Pal Yu = 113
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 114
• Ⅱ. Changes in Membrane Lipid Composition = 114
• A. The Effect of Age = 114
• B. Modulation of Age-Related Membrane Changes by Dietary Restriction = 117
• Ⅲ. Lipid Peroxidation of Membranes = 118
• Ⅳ. Attenuation of Lipid Peroxidation by Dietary Restriction = 121
• Ⅴ. Changes in Membrane Fluidity by Lipid Peroxidation = 122
• Ⅵ. Altered Proteins and Other Membrane-Related Activities With Age = 122
• A. Proteins = 122
• B. Microsomal Monooxygenase System = 123
• C. Mitochondrial Respiratory System = 124
• Ⅶ. Free Radical-Mediated DNA Damage = 125
• Ⅷ. Concluding Remarks = 125
• Acknowledgments = 126
• References = 126
• NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS AND THERAPIES
• Chapter 8 Observations Concerning the Tube-Feeding of Nursing Home Residents / Adil A. Abbasi ; Sailendra N. Basu ; Daniel Rudman = 135
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 136
• Ⅱ. A Survey of Tube-Feeding in Three Nursing Homes = 136
• Ⅲ. A Focused Review of the Tube-Fed Residents in Nursing Home "A" = 136
• Ⅳ. An Intervention in the Tube-Fed Residents of Nursing Home "A" = 139
• Ⅴ. Discussion = 141
• Ⅵ. Summary = 142
• References = 142
• Chapter 9 Assessment of Nutritional Status in the Aged / Mary E. Mohs = 145
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 146
• Ⅱ. Physiological Changes = 149
• Ⅲ. Nonphysiological Considerations = 150
• Ⅳ. Clinical Assessment = 151
• Ⅴ. Anthropometric Measurements = 151
• A. Height = 151
• B. Weight = 154
• C. Arm Measurements = 155
• Ⅵ. Biochemical Assessment = 157
• Acknowledgments = 160
• References = 160
• Chapter 10 Drug-Nutrient Interactions in the Aged / Peter P. Lamy = 165
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 166
• Ⅱ. The Nutritional Status of the Elderly = 168
• Ⅲ. Factors That May Contribute to Malnutrition = 169
• A. Chronic Diseases = 170
• B. Chronic Diseases and the Drugs Used to Treat Them = 170
• C. Alterations in Taste, Appetite, and Drug Effects = 171
• D. Decreased Caloric and Insufficient Nutrient Intake = 171
• Ⅳ. Drug-Nutrient Interactions = 173
• Ⅴ. Specific Interactions and Deficiency Effects = 176
• A. Vitamins = 176
• B. Minerals = 179
• C. Electrolytes = 180
• D. Proteins = 181
• E. Food Additives = 182
• Ⅵ. Possible Alterations of Pharmacokinetics in Malnutrition = 182
• Ⅶ. Vitamin or Mineral Supplementation : Help or Danger = 184
• A. Vitamins = 184
• B. Minerals = 185
• Ⅷ. Pharmacologic Interactions of Drugs and Dietary Components = 185
• Ⅸ. Food-Drug Interactions = 186
• A. Drug Intake : The Use (Misuse) of Fluids = 186
• B. Altered Absorption = 186
• Ⅹ. Drug Disposition = 190
• A. Altered Distribution = 191
• B. Altered Metabolism = 191
• C. Altered Excretion = 192
• XI. Drug-Food (Nutrient) Interaction Advice and Programs = 192
• References = 194
• VITAMIN NUTRITION IN THE ELDERLY
• Chapter 11 Vitamin C and the Elderly - An Update / Marvin Cohen ; Lorraine Cheng ; Hemmige N. Bhagavan = 203
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 204
• Ⅱ. Ascorbic Acid Status in the Elderly = 204
• A. Requirements of the Elderly = 204
• B. Indicators of Ascorbic Acid Status = 204
• C. Dietary Ascorbic Acid Intake and Incidence of Deficiency = 205
• D. Institutionalization and Ascorbic Acid Status in the Elderly = 210
• E. Effect of Age and Sex on Ascorbic Acid Status = 210
• F. Dietary Intake and Ascorbic Acid Status = 219
• G. Effects of Ascorbic Acid Supplements on Ascorbic Acid Status = 220
• H. Other Factors Affecting Ascorbic Acid Status = 220
• Ⅲ. Ascorbic Acid and Lipid Metabolism = 227
• A. Ascorbic Acid Status and Lipid Levels = 227
• B. Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia With Ascorbic Acid = 227
• C. Vitamin C and Blood Pressure = 227
• Ⅳ. Ascorbic Acid and Cancer = 232
• A. Depletion of Ascorbic Acid in Cancer Patients = 232
• B. Treatment of Cancer With Ascorbic Acid = 234
• Ⅴ. Ascorbic Acid and Immune Response = 235
• Ⅵ. Ascorbic Acid and Cataract = 237
• Ⅶ. Other Uses of Ascorbic Acid = 238
• Ⅷ. Interactions of Ascorbic Acid = 242
• A. Interrelationships of Ascorbic Acid With Drugs and Hormones = 242
• B. Effects on Other Micronutrients = 243
• Ⅸ. Conclusion = 245
• Acknowledgments = 245
• References = 245
• Chapter 12 Vitamin K and Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in the Elderly : Implications for Bone and Cartilage Biology / Richard F. Loeser ; Reidar Wallin ; James Sadowski = 263
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 264
• Ⅱ. Vitamin K History, Function, and Antagonism = 264
• A. Vitamin K = 264
• B. Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylation = 265
• C. 4-Hydroxycoumarin Anticoagulant Drugs and Antagonism of Vitamin K Function = 267
• Ⅲ. Vitamin K and Human Nutrition = 268
• Ⅳ. Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in Bone and Cartilage = 271
• A. Osteocalcin and Matrix Gla Protein = 272
• B. Function of Vitamin K-Dependent Bone and Cartilage Proteins = 272
• C. Changes in Serum Osteocalcin With Age and Vitamin K Status = 274
• D. Vitamin K Levels in Patients With Osteoporosis and Fractures = 275
• Ⅴ. Summary = 275
• References = 276
• Chapter 13 Antioxidants and Cancer in the Aged / Steven M. Wood ; Ronald R. Watson = 281
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 282
• Ⅱ. Vitamin C = 282
• Ⅲ. Vitamin E = 283
• Ⅳ. β-Carotene = 284
• Ⅴ. Glutathione = 285
• Ⅵ. Selenium = 286
• Ⅶ. Conclusions = 287
• Acknowledgment = 287
• References = 287
• MACRONUTRIENT INTAKES AND REQUIREMENTS
• Chapter 14 Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in the Elderly / Stephen R. Gambert ; Danuta A. Kassur = 295
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 296
• Ⅱ. Protein Metabolism in the Elderly = 297
• A. Clinical Manifestations of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition = 297
• B. Nutritional Assessment = 299
• C. Treatment = 299
• References = 300
• Chapter 15 The Role of Malnutrition in the Failure to Thrive Syndrome / Roy B. Verdery = 303
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 304
• Ⅱ. The Geriatric Paradigm and Failure to Thrive = 304
• Ⅲ. Malnutrition and Cachexia in the Elderly = 305
• Ⅳ. The Connection Between Failure to Thrive and Malnutrition = 306
• Ⅴ. Evaluation and Treatment = 307
• Ⅵ. Conclusion = 307
• References = 308
• Chapter 16 Changes in Protein Turnover as a Function of Age and Nutritional Status / Arlan Richardson ; Walter F. Ward = 309
• Ⅰ. Effect of Age on Protein Synthesis and Degradation = 310
• Ⅱ. Effect of Dietary Restriction on Protein Synthesis = 311
• Ⅲ. Effect of Dietary Restriction on Protein Degradation = 313
• Ⅳ. Summary = 314
• Acknowledgments = 314
• References = 314
• Chapter 17 Alcohol Abuse in Elderly People : Medical and Psychiatric Consequences / John P. Wattis ; Jerry Seymour = 317
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 318
• Ⅱ. Epidemiology = 318
• Ⅲ. Etiology and Subclassification of Alcohol Abuse = 320
• Ⅳ. Physiology of Alcohol in Elderly People = 320
• A. General Effects = 321
• B. Effects on the Central Nervous System = 321
• Ⅴ. Drug Interactions = 322
• Ⅵ. Damage = 322
• A. General = 322
• B. Medical Complications = 322
• C. Neuropsychiatric Complications = 323
• Ⅶ. Management = 325
• A. Public Health Measures = 325
• B. Treatment = 326
• 1. Acute Phase = 326
• 2. Continuing Care and Prognosis = 326
• Ⅶ. Conclusion = 327
• References = 327
• Chapter 18 Effect of Food Restriction on Immunoregulation and Aging / Gabriel Fernandes ; Jaya T. Venkatraman = 331
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 332
• Ⅱ. Food Restriction and Immunologic Theories of Aging = 333
• Ⅲ. Food Restriction and Aging = 333
• Ⅳ. Aging and Lymphocyte Subsets = 334
• Ⅴ. Food Restriction and Proliferative Response of Immune Cells to Mitogens and Superantigens = 336
• Ⅵ. Aging, Immune Cell Receptors, and Food Restrictions = 338
• Ⅶ. Food Restriction and Cytokine Production, Intracellular C$$a^{2＋}$$ in Spleen Cells of Aging Animals = 338
• Ⅷ. Modulation of Age-Associated Changes in Gene Expression by Food Restriction = 339
• Ⅸ. Aging and MΦ Functions = 340
• Ⅹ. Food Restriction and Lipid Composition of Immune Cells = 341
• Acknowledgment = 342
• References = 342
• MINERAL NUTRITION IN THE AGING ADULT
• Chapter 19 Osteomalacia / Stephen R. Gambert ; Barry M. Schultz = 349
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 350
• Ⅱ. Pathophysiology = 350
• Ⅲ. Etiology = 350
• Ⅳ. Clinical Features = 351
• A. History and Physical = 351
• B. Biochemical Alterations = 351
• C. Radiologic Findings = 352
• D. Bone Biopsy = 352
• Ⅴ. Treatment = 352
• References = 353
• Chapter 20 Calcium Nutrition in the Elderly / Ira Wolinsky ; Paul N. Taylor ; Dorothy J. Klimis-Tavantzis ; Sara B. Arnaud = 355
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 356
• Ⅱ. Calcium Absorption in Aging = 356
• Ⅲ. Osteoporosis = 357
• Ⅳ. Calcium Requirements of Adults = 359
• References = 360
• Chapter 21 Calcium Requirements in the International Context / Shobha A. Udipi ; M. Gajjar ; A. B. Vaidya = 363
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 364
• Ⅱ. Calcium Intake and Balance = 366
• Ⅲ. Influence of Protein = 369
• Ⅳ. Influence of Phosphorus = 373
• Ⅴ. Influence of Sodium Intake = 374
• Ⅵ. Vegetarianism and Calcium Requirement in the Context of Bone Health = 375
• Ⅶ. Ethnic and Genetic Differences = 376
• Ⅷ. Recommendations = 377
• Ⅸ. Summary = 389
• References = 380
• Chapter 22 Chromium Nutrition in the Elderly / Richard A. Anderson = 385
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 386
• Ⅱ. Chromium Intake, Requirement, and Aging = 386
• Ⅲ. Chromium, Glucose Intolerance, and Aging = 386
• Ⅳ. Chromium, Coronary Artery Diseases, and Aging = 388
• Ⅴ. Aging and Chromium Content of Tissues and Body Fluids = 389
• Ⅵ. Summary = 390
• References = 391
• Chapter 23 Iron Nutrition in the Elderly / John L. Beard ; Mary H. Ashraf ; Helen Smiciklas-Wright = 393
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 394
• Ⅱ. The Biologic Model = 394
• Ⅲ. Effect of Aging on Iron Requirements = 398
• Ⅳ. Effect of Aging on Hematological Indices = 399
• Ⅴ. Variation of Iron Indices = 401
• Ⅵ. The Anemia of Chronic Disorders : Influence on Laboratory Parameters Used to Assess Iron Status = 403
• Ⅶ. The Differential Diagnosis of Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Anemia of Chronic Disorders = 404
• Ⅷ. Iron Supplementation as a Diagnostic Test for Iron Insufficiency = 406
• References = 407
• Chapter 24 Trace Element Requirements in the Elderly / Shobha A. Udipi ; A. B. Vaidya = 415
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 416
• Ⅱ. Manganese = 416
• A. Dietary Considerations = 418
• B. Food Sources = 419
• C. Dietary Intakes of Manganese = 419
• Ⅲ. Molybdenum = 420
• A. Role of Mo - Metalloenzymes = 421
• B. Molybdenum Deficiency = 421
• C. Dietary Considerations = 422
• D. Mo Content of Foods = 422
• E. Daily Intakes = 422
• F. Molybdenum Requirements = 422
• Ⅳ. Silicon = 423
• A. Dietary Considerations = 423
• B. Daily Intakes = 423
• C. Requirement = 424
• Ⅴ. Vanadium = 424
• A. Va - Metabolism = 424
• B. Dietary Considerations = 424
• References = 425
• Index = 431