Origin and evolution of tropical rain forests

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION = 1
• CHAPTER 2 PRESENT-DAY TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS = 8
• 2.1 Primary Rain Forests = 10
• 2.1.1 Tropical Lowland Evergreen Rain Forests = 10
• Floristic characterisation = 12
• 2.1.2 Semi-evergreen Rain Forests = 14
• 2.1.3 Heath Forests = 16
• 2.2 Coastal Vegetation = 19
• 2.2.1 Mangroves = 19
• 2.2.2 Beach Vegetation = 24
• 2.3 Riverine Vegetation = 25
• Longitudinal zonation of Sedili Besar, West Malaysia = 26
• 2.4 Freshwater Wetlands = 27
• 2.4.1 Peat Swamp Forests = 28
• Basinal peat swamp forests = 28
• Kerapah peat swamps = 32
• Watershed peat swamp forests = 32
• 2.4.2 Freshwater Swamp Forests = 32
• Swamps of eutrophic rivers = 32
• Eastern tropics = 32
• South America = 34
• Africa = 35
• Swamps of oligotrophic, blackwater rivers = 37
• 2.5 Ecotonal Vegetation = 37
• 2.5.1 Paratropical Rain Forests and the Ecotone Associated with Increasing Latitude = 37
• 2.5.2 Ecotone Associated with Limiting Rainfall = 38
• 2.5.3 Ecotone Associated with Increasing Altitude = 40
• 2.6 Ecology Versus Palaeoecology = 42
• CHAPTER 3 GEOLOGICAL TIME FRAMEWORK, PALAEOECOLOGICAL AND PALAEOCLIMATE DEFINITIONS = 44
• 3.1 Sequence Stratigraphy = 44
• 3.2 Time Framework = 47
• 3.3 Palaeoecological and Palaeoclimate Definitions = 50
• CHAPTER 4 GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR RAIN FORESTS = 52
• 4.1 Flora = 52
• 4.1.1 Plant Macrofossils = 53
• Leaves = 53
• Leaf size = 53
• Leaf margin = 53
• Leaf texture = 54
• Drip tips = 54
• Leaf shape = 55
• Wood anatomy = 55
• Seeds = 55
• 4.1.2 Plant Microfossils = 56
• Pollen and spores = 56
• Naming fossil pollen = 57
• Use of palynomorph names = 57
• Palynological Indicators of Tropical Rain Forests = 59
• Palynomorph assemblage diversity = 59
• Cuticle = 61
• 4.1.3 Geochemical Fossils = 61
• 4.2 Terrestrial Fauna = 61
• 4.3 Lithological Indicators of Rain Forest Climates = 62
• Lignites and coals = 62
• Evaporites = 62
• Laterites and bauxites = 62
• Limestones = 63
• 4.4 Marine Fauna = 63
• 4.5 Isotope Data = 63
• 4.6 Palaeoclimate Modelling = 63
• CHAPTER 5 EARLY ANGIOSPERM HISTORY AND THE FIRST MEGATHERMAL RAIN FORESTS = 67
• 5.1 Biogeographical Versus Geological Evidence of Angiosperm Origins = 67
• 5.1.1 Angiosperm Ancestors = 67
• 5.1.2 A Tropical Origin for Angiosperms? = 69
• 5.1.3 Mesic or Arid? = 69
• 5.1.4 Origin on a Geographically Isolated 'Noah's Ark' = 73
• 5.2 Cretaceous Angiosperm Expansion and Diversification = 73
• 5.2.1 Cretaceous Vegetation in North America = 77
• Barremian to Early Albian = 77
• Middle to Late Albian = 77
• Early Cenomanian. = 78
• Late Cenomanian to Maastrichtian = 78
• 5.2.2 Cretaceous Low Palaeolatitude Vegetation in Africa and South America = 80
• Barremian to Aptian = 80
• Albian to Cenomanian, Elaterates Province = 84
• Turonian to Santonian = 86
• Campanian to Maastrichtian, Palmae Province = 91
• 5.2.3 Cretaceous Vegetation in the Eastern Tropics = 92
• Southeast Asia = 92
• India and Australia = 94
• 5.3 The Terminal Cretaceous Event = 97
• Cretaceous herbivores and diaspore vectors = 97
• Meteorite impact = 98
• Post-impact vegetational succession = 98
• 5.4 The First Megathermal Rain Forests? = 99
• 5.5 Summary of Early Angiosperm Evolution = 102
• CHAPTER 6 SOUTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA = 104
• 6.1 Introduction = 104
• 6.2 Tectonic Setting = 105
• 6.3 Mexico and Central America = 107
• 6.4 South America = 109
• 6.4.1 Paleocene Vegetation = 109
• 6.4.2 Eocene Vegetation = 112
• 6.4.3 Oligo-Miocene Vegetation = 117
• 6.4.4 Plio-Pleistocene Climatic Change and the Uplift of the Andes = 119
• Coastal plains of northern South America = 119
• Sabana de Bogot$$\a'$$ = 121
• 6.4.5 Quaternary Refuges = 126
• 6.5 Summary = 129
• Middle America = 129
• South America = 129
• CHAPTER 7 AFRICA = 131
• 7.1 Introduction = 132
• 7.2 Tectonic Setting = 132
• 7.3 Effect of the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Isolation of the African Continent on its Floristic Diversity = 133
• 7.4 Earlier Tertiary(Paleocene to Eocene) Vegetation = 135
• 7.4.1 Paleocene to Middle Eocene = 135
• 7.4.2 Late Eocene = 139
• Early Tertiary climates = 139
• 7.5 Mid-Tertiary(Oligocene to Middle Miocene) Vegetation = 140
• 7.6 Late Tertiary(Late Miocene to Pliocene) Vegetation and Climatic Cyclicity = 146
• 7.6.1 Late Miocene, Alternating Expansion and Contraction of Rain Forest and Savanna = 148
• 7.6.2 Early Pliocene, Predominantly Moist Climates = 149
• 7.6.3 Late Pliocene, With Successively Drier and Cooler Climates = 151
• 7.6.4 Reduced Diversity of Modern African Rain Forests = 153
• 7.7 Quaternary Vegetational History = 155
• 7.8 Summary = 160
• CHAPTER 8 INDIA = 162
• 8.1 Introduction = 163
• 8.2 Tectonic History = 164
• 8.3 Palaeogene Vegetation = 164
• 8.3.1 Paleocene = 164
• 8.3.2 Early to Middle Eocene, Superwet Vegetation During Climatic Optimum = 165
• 8.3.3 Late Eocene to Oligocene, Following the Collision with Asia = 166
• 8.3.4 Deccan Traps = 168
• 8.4 Neogene and Quaternary Rain Forest History = 170
• 8.5 Summary = 172
• CHAPTER 9 SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE EASTERN PACIFIC = 174
• 9.1 Introduction = 174
• 9.2 Pre-tertiary Plate Tectonic and Climatic Setting = 175
• 9.3 Paleocene to Early Eocene, Prior to the Collision of India with Asia = 175
• Tectonic setting and palaeogeography = 175
• Sunda region and Indochinese palynofloras = 176
• Sahul region palynofloras = 180
• The Philippine Plate, and Pacific floras during the Early Palaeogene = 180
• 9.4 Middle to Late Eocene, Prior to Tectonic Restructuring : Dispersal from India = 184
• 9.4.1 Tectonic Setting and Palaeogeography = 184
• 9.4.2 Middle to Late Eocene Vegetation = 184
• 9.5 The Terminal Eocene Event = 188
• 9.6 Oligocene to Pliocene = 189
• Tectonic setting = 189
• Vegetation = 190
• 9.6.1 Mid-Tertiary, Oligocene to Earliest Miocene, Predominantly Subhumid or Monsoonal Climate Vegetation = 191
• 9.6.2 Early Miocene to Pliocene, Predominantly Perhumid Climate Vegetation = 196
• Peat swamp vegetation = 196
• Freshwater swamp forests and streamside communities = 198
• Heath forests(kerangas) = 198
• Dry climate phases = 200
• Montane vegetation = 201
• Migration routes from Asia = 202
• 9.6.3 Neogene Extension of Rain Forests into East Asia = 202
• 9.7 East Malesia and the Eastern Pacific = 203
• Did Australian microcontinents act as 'Noah's Arks'? = 206
• Oceanic floras = 206
• 9.8 Western Sulawesi, and Dispersal across Wallace's Line = 206
• Neogene dispersal events across Wallace's Line = 207
• 9.9 Quaternary Vegetation = 210
• Pleistocene refuges = 212
• 9.10 Mangrove Origins and Evolution = 215
• Rhizophoraceae = 215
• Sonneratia and its lythraceous precursors = 216
• Other mangroves = 220
• 9.11 Summary = 220
• CHAPTER 10 AUSTRALASIA = 223
• 10.1 Introduction = 223
• 10.2 Tectonic Setting = 224
• 10.3 Australian Early Tertiary(Palaeocene to Eocene) Vegetation = 225
• Paleocene = 225
• Early Eocene = 226
• Middle and Late Eocene = 229
• 10.4 Australian Mid-Tertiary(Oligocene to Early Miocene) Vegetation = 231
• 10.5 The Neogene and the Demise of Australian Rain Forests = 232
• Mid-Tertiary dispersals from southeast Asia = 234
• Survival of primitive angiosperms in Australia = 234
• 10.6 Australian Rain Forests in the Quaternary = 235
• 10.7 Ninetyeast Ridge = 236
• 10.8 New Zealand = 237
• 10.9 Summary = 237
• CHAPTER 11 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE MEGATHERMAL RAIN FORESTS = 240
• 11.1 Introduction = 240
• 11.2 Tectonic Setting and Land Connections = 240
• 11.3 Paleocene／Eocene = 241
• 11.3.1 North America = 241
• 11.3.2 Europe = 244
• Middle and Late Eocene climatic change = 248
• 11.3.3 East Asia = 249
• Dispersals into and between the northern hemisphere rain forest blocks = 250
• 11.4 Oligocene to Pliocene = 251
• 11.5 Summary = 252
• CHAPTER 12 INTERPLATE DISPERSAL. PATHS AND LAND BRIDGES = 254
• 12.1 Review of Palynological Evidence for Dispersal Paths = 254
• South America and Africa = 254
• Africa and India = 254
• India and Australia = 256
• South America and Antarctica／Australia = 256
• South America and North America = 256
• North America and Europe = 257
• India and Asia = 257
• Africa and Europe／Asia = 258
• West and East = 258
• Australia and Sunda = 258
• Wallace's Line = 258
• North America and Asia = 259
• 12.2 Dispersal Paths and 'Land Bridges' = 259
• CHAPTER 13 SYNTHESIS = 260
• 13.1 Overview of Tropical Rain Forest History = 260
• Areas of angiosperm origin = 260
• Physiognomy of Late Cretaceous moist megathermal forests = 260
• Paleocene(66-54 Ma) = 262
• Eocene(54-36 Ma) = 264
• The terminal Eocene event(36 Ma) = 266
• Middle Miocene(16-10 Ma) climatic amelioration = 268
• Neogene global climatic deterioration = 270
• 13.2 The Durian Theory of Corner, and Evolution of the Rain Forest Tree = 272
• 13.3 The Oldest Rain Forests? = 273
• 13.4 Age of Southeast Asian Rain Forests = 275
• 13.5 Dispersal of Megathermal Plants and the Antiquity of Biogeographical Patterns = 275
• 13.6 Distributions of Palms, Oaks and Dipterocarps = 275
• Palms = 275
• Oaks = 277
• Dipterocarps = 278
• 13.7 The Distribution of Mangroves = 278
• 13.8 Survival of Rain Forests During Quaternary Glacial Maxima = 278
• CHAPTER 14 THE FUTURE OF RAIN FORESTS? = 281
• Appendix - Form-taxon names for fossil pollen referred to in the text = 287
• Glossary = 295
• References = 299
• Species Index = 326
• Subject Index = 339