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    한국의 이주노동자 정책 변화에 관한 연구 : 한국·독일·일본 정책 비교를 중심으로 = A Study on Changes in Policy for Migrant Workers in Korea -Focusing on the Comparison of Local Government Policies in Korea, Germany, and Japan

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T17362763

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    This study aims to examine the paradigm shift in Korea’s migrant worker policy from short-term Stay(management-centered) to Settlement (integration-centered) amidst the unprecedented national crises of low birth rate, aging population, and local extinction. In particular, it analyzes the transition of immigration governance from a centralized system to a local government-led approach, triggered by the recent introduction of the Regional Specialized Visa. Furthermore, this study explores development strategies for a Korean-style immigration policy by comparing cases from Germany and Japan, which experienced similar demographic changes earlier than Korea.
    For this analysis, literature reviews and policy case studies were conducted based on a framework consisting of three dimensions: governance structure, settlement and social integration models, and local community acceptance.
    The major findings of this study are as follows:
    First, Korea’s migrant worker policy has historically maintained a Developmental Immigration State model, prioritizing economic utility and preventing settlement. However, it is now shifting toward permitting settlement to address the demographic crisis. Despite attempts at decentralization, such as the Regional Specialized Visa, the policy currently exhibits limitations of conditional decentralization, where final authority on visa issuance and budgeting remains concentrated in the central government.
    Second, the comparative analysis of the three countries reveals distinct differences. Germany established a stable settlement support system through the Immigration Act of 2005, which legislated clear role divisions and financial support among federal, state, and local governments. Japan, despite the absence of a central immigration law, is characterized by bottom-up governance where local governments proactively enact Multicultural Coexistence Ordinances to provide life-support services. In contrast, Korea shows a central-local linkage structure but remains in a transitional stage where local governments lack substantial legal authority and financial autonomy.
    Third, regarding integration models, Germany pursues a balanced model that grants settlement rights while imposing integration duties. Japan aims for a living support model focused on coexistence within the community. Conversely, Korea’s policy exhibits a strong transactional nature, granting settlement status while imposing Lock-in regulations (e.g., residency restrictions) to bind migrants to specific areas. Moreover, two-way efforts to improve the awareness of native residents remain insufficient.
    Based on these findings, this study suggests the following improvements for a local government-led settlement support policy: First, to achieve practical decentralization of immigration governance, legal authority for determining intake quotas and designing visas should be transferred to local governments, accompanied by institutionalized financial support from the central government. second, the policy must shift from a regulation-centered approach to a liveable settlement model that fosters a desire to stay, such as allowing mobility within metropolitan areas and introducing a permanent residency fast-track based on skill levels. Third, migrants should be redefined not merely as supplementary labor but as residents of the local community, and mandatory intercultural understanding education for native residents should be implemented to realize two-way social integration.
    In conclusion, this study is significant in arguing that, to respond to local extinction, the central axis of migrant worker policy must shift from the central government to local governments, and from management to integration, thereby presenting a concrete model for Korean immigration policy.
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    This study aims to examine the paradigm shift in Korea’s migrant worker policy from short-term Stay(management-centered) to Settlement (integration-centered) amidst the unprecedented national crises of low birth rate, aging population, and local ext...

    This study aims to examine the paradigm shift in Korea’s migrant worker policy from short-term Stay(management-centered) to Settlement (integration-centered) amidst the unprecedented national crises of low birth rate, aging population, and local extinction. In particular, it analyzes the transition of immigration governance from a centralized system to a local government-led approach, triggered by the recent introduction of the Regional Specialized Visa. Furthermore, this study explores development strategies for a Korean-style immigration policy by comparing cases from Germany and Japan, which experienced similar demographic changes earlier than Korea.
    For this analysis, literature reviews and policy case studies were conducted based on a framework consisting of three dimensions: governance structure, settlement and social integration models, and local community acceptance.
    The major findings of this study are as follows:
    First, Korea’s migrant worker policy has historically maintained a Developmental Immigration State model, prioritizing economic utility and preventing settlement. However, it is now shifting toward permitting settlement to address the demographic crisis. Despite attempts at decentralization, such as the Regional Specialized Visa, the policy currently exhibits limitations of conditional decentralization, where final authority on visa issuance and budgeting remains concentrated in the central government.
    Second, the comparative analysis of the three countries reveals distinct differences. Germany established a stable settlement support system through the Immigration Act of 2005, which legislated clear role divisions and financial support among federal, state, and local governments. Japan, despite the absence of a central immigration law, is characterized by bottom-up governance where local governments proactively enact Multicultural Coexistence Ordinances to provide life-support services. In contrast, Korea shows a central-local linkage structure but remains in a transitional stage where local governments lack substantial legal authority and financial autonomy.
    Third, regarding integration models, Germany pursues a balanced model that grants settlement rights while imposing integration duties. Japan aims for a living support model focused on coexistence within the community. Conversely, Korea’s policy exhibits a strong transactional nature, granting settlement status while imposing Lock-in regulations (e.g., residency restrictions) to bind migrants to specific areas. Moreover, two-way efforts to improve the awareness of native residents remain insufficient.
    Based on these findings, this study suggests the following improvements for a local government-led settlement support policy: First, to achieve practical decentralization of immigration governance, legal authority for determining intake quotas and designing visas should be transferred to local governments, accompanied by institutionalized financial support from the central government. second, the policy must shift from a regulation-centered approach to a liveable settlement model that fosters a desire to stay, such as allowing mobility within metropolitan areas and introducing a permanent residency fast-track based on skill levels. Third, migrants should be redefined not merely as supplementary labor but as residents of the local community, and mandatory intercultural understanding education for native residents should be implemented to realize two-way social integration.
    In conclusion, this study is significant in arguing that, to respond to local extinction, the central axis of migrant worker policy must shift from the central government to local governments, and from management to integration, thereby presenting a concrete model for Korean immigration policy.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • I. 서론 1
    • 1. 연구의 배경 및 필요성 1
    • 2. 연구의 목적 및 내용 4
    • II. 선행연구 검토 및 이론적 논의 7
    • 1. 선행연구 검토 7
    • I. 서론 1
    • 1. 연구의 배경 및 필요성 1
    • 2. 연구의 목적 및 내용 4
    • II. 선행연구 검토 및 이론적 논의 7
    • 1. 선행연구 검토 7
    • 1) 사회통합 7
    • 2) 체류와 정주 10
    • 3) 지방정부의 역할 13
    • 2. 이론적 논의 17
    • 1) 발전이민국가 17
    • 2) 이주노동자 정책 유형론 22
    • 3) 사회통합론 25
    • (1) 개념과 유형 26
    • (2) 국제적 원칙 27
    • 3. 연구의 분석틀 29
    • III. 한국·독일·일본의 이주노동자 정책 변화 31
    • 1. 한국 31
    • 1) 다문화사회로의 이행과 이민정책의 전개 32
    • (1) 정책 변화의 원인 37
    • (2) 체류 관리 정책의 구조적 한계 40
    • 2) 이민정책 추진 및 지방정부 역할 44
    • (1) 지역특화형 비자 제도의 정책적 의의 44
    • (2) 중앙집권적 거버넌스의 한계와 분권화의 제도화 46
    • 3) 지방정부의 정주지원 48
    • (1) 정주지원 정책 및 프로그램 48
    • (2) 정주 지원체계와 과제 56
    • (3) 지역사회 수용성 및 인식 개선 60
    • 4) 정책의 다각화 62
    • (1) 지역특화형 비자 62
    • (2) 광역형 비자 71
    • 2. 독일 74
    • 1) 다문화사회로의 이행과 이민정책의 전개 75
    • 2) 이민정책 추진 및 지방정부의 역할 77
    • 3) 지방정부의 정주지원 83
    • (1) 지방정부의 사회통합 정책 및 프로그램 83
    • (2) 지방정부의 정주 지원체계 87
    • (3) 지역사회 수용성 및 인식 개선 88
    • 4) 이민법 개정 90
    • 3. 일본 95
    • 1) 다문화사회의 형성과 이민정책의 전개 96
    • 2) 이민정책 추진 및 지방정부의 역할 101
    • 3) 지방정부의 정주지원 104
    • (1) 지방정부의 사회통합 정책 및 프로그램 104
    • (2) 지방정부의 자율적 정주지원과 조례 기반 공생 113
    • (3) 지역사회 수용성 및 인식 개선 115
    • 4) 다문화공생 118
    • IV. 한국·독일·일본 지방정부의 정책 변화 비교분석 121
    • 1. 이주노동자 정책에 관한 과거와 현재 121
    • 2. 각국의 정책구조 및 지방정부의 권한 123
    • 3. 이주민 정책 거버넌스, 통합모델 및 수용성 128
    • 1) 거버넌스 구조 및 권한 128
    • 2) 정주 사회통합 모델 및 정책 목표 129
    • 3) 인식개선 및 수용성 제고 130
    • 4) 비교분석의 함의 135
    • V. 결론 137
    • 1. 연구 결과 요약 및 논의 137
    • 1) 한국·독일·일본 지방정부 이주노동자 정책 변화 비교 137
    • 2) 독일·일본 지방정부 사례가 주는 정책적 시사점 138
    • 2. 지방정부 주도형 정주 지원정책 개선방안 140
    • 1) 이민 거버넌스의 실질적 분권화 및 법제화 140
    • 2) 인식개선과 수용성 제고 142
    • 3) 실천적 과제 143
    • 4) 한국형 이민정책 모델 146
    • 3. 연구의 함의 148
    • 참고문헌 152
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