This study aims to examine the paradigm shift in Korea’s migrant worker policy from short-term Stay(management-centered) to Settlement (integration-centered) amidst the unprecedented national crises of low birth rate, aging population, and local ext...
This study aims to examine the paradigm shift in Korea’s migrant worker policy from short-term Stay(management-centered) to Settlement (integration-centered) amidst the unprecedented national crises of low birth rate, aging population, and local extinction. In particular, it analyzes the transition of immigration governance from a centralized system to a local government-led approach, triggered by the recent introduction of the Regional Specialized Visa. Furthermore, this study explores development strategies for a Korean-style immigration policy by comparing cases from Germany and Japan, which experienced similar demographic changes earlier than Korea.
For this analysis, literature reviews and policy case studies were conducted based on a framework consisting of three dimensions: governance structure, settlement and social integration models, and local community acceptance.
The major findings of this study are as follows:
First, Korea’s migrant worker policy has historically maintained a Developmental Immigration State model, prioritizing economic utility and preventing settlement. However, it is now shifting toward permitting settlement to address the demographic crisis. Despite attempts at decentralization, such as the Regional Specialized Visa, the policy currently exhibits limitations of conditional decentralization, where final authority on visa issuance and budgeting remains concentrated in the central government.
Second, the comparative analysis of the three countries reveals distinct differences. Germany established a stable settlement support system through the Immigration Act of 2005, which legislated clear role divisions and financial support among federal, state, and local governments. Japan, despite the absence of a central immigration law, is characterized by bottom-up governance where local governments proactively enact Multicultural Coexistence Ordinances to provide life-support services. In contrast, Korea shows a central-local linkage structure but remains in a transitional stage where local governments lack substantial legal authority and financial autonomy.
Third, regarding integration models, Germany pursues a balanced model that grants settlement rights while imposing integration duties. Japan aims for a living support model focused on coexistence within the community. Conversely, Korea’s policy exhibits a strong transactional nature, granting settlement status while imposing Lock-in regulations (e.g., residency restrictions) to bind migrants to specific areas. Moreover, two-way efforts to improve the awareness of native residents remain insufficient.
Based on these findings, this study suggests the following improvements for a local government-led settlement support policy: First, to achieve practical decentralization of immigration governance, legal authority for determining intake quotas and designing visas should be transferred to local governments, accompanied by institutionalized financial support from the central government. second, the policy must shift from a regulation-centered approach to a liveable settlement model that fosters a desire to stay, such as allowing mobility within metropolitan areas and introducing a permanent residency fast-track based on skill levels. Third, migrants should be redefined not merely as supplementary labor but as residents of the local community, and mandatory intercultural understanding education for native residents should be implemented to realize two-way social integration.
In conclusion, this study is significant in arguing that, to respond to local extinction, the central axis of migrant worker policy must shift from the central government to local governments, and from management to integration, thereby presenting a concrete model for Korean immigration policy.