Toward a Typology of Reference Systems = Toward a Typology of Reference Systems

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study proposes a theoretical and methodological approach for the description of reference systems in individual languages. Such descriptions are prerequisites for a non-aprioristic typology of reference systems. The proposed methodology for studying reference systems reveals more about the similarities and differences across languages than do most prevalent approaches, which typically focus on whether the categories definite and indefinite are coded in various languages and how they are coded. The examination of a few related and unrelated languages reveals that these languages share the following functions encoded in their reference systems: absence of instructions for identifying the referent; instructions for identifying the referent in relation to some situation; and indications of co-reference with the previously coded subject. Some languages also code the following functions, not yet found in other languages: previous mention; referent unknown to the speaker; instructions to identify the referent through any means, and the distinction between entity and non-entity for nouns. Examination of a larger number of languages will no doubt yield a much larger number of functions encoded in different languages and may also reveal a larger number of functions shared across languages.

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