The forests handbook . 1-2

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• List of contributors = ⅹ
• Preface = xii
• Acknowledgements = xiv
• Part 1 : Forest Resources and Types
• 1 Global Forest Resources : History and Dynamics / Jim B. Ball = 3
• 1.1 Historical perspective = 3
• 1.2 Recent estimates of global forest area = 6
• 1.2.1 Natural forests = 8
• 1.2.2 Forest plantations = 9
• 1.3 Changes in forest cover and condition = 14
• 1.3.1 Changes in forest cover = 14
• 1.3.2 Conversion of forests to other land cover = 15
• 1.3.3 Changes in forest condition = 18
• 1.4 Conclusions = 20
• 2 Forest Types and Classification / Ronald L. Hendrick = 23
• 2.1 Introduction = 23
• 2.2 Boreal forests = 23
• 2.2.1 Distribution and extent = 24
• 2.2.2 Climate = 24
• 2.2.3 Soils = 25
• 2.2.4 Dominant forest types = 25
• 2.2.5 Regional floras = 26
• 2.3 Tropical and subtropical forests = 29
• 2.3.1 Distribution and extent = 29
• 2.3.2 Climate = 30
• 2.3.3 Soils = 30
• 2.3.4 Dominant forest types = 31
• 2.3.5 Regional formations = 31
• 2.4 Temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests = 37
• 2.4.1 Distribution and extent = 37
• 2.4.2 Climate = 38
• 2.4.3 Soils = 38
• 2.4.4 Regional formations = 38
• 2.5 Savannahs and open woodland = 53
• 2.5.1 Distribution and extent = 54
• 2.5.2 Climate = 54
• 2.5.3 Soils = 54
• 2.5.4 Regional floras = 55
• 2.6 Mediterranean ecosystems = 57
• 2.6.1 Distribution and extent = 58
• 2.6.2 Climate = 58
• 2.6.3 Soils = 58
• 2.6.4 Regional floras = 58
• 2.7 Summary = 60
• Part 2 : Biological and Ecological Processes
• 3 Genetics and Speciation in the World's Forests / Gene Namkoong ; Mathew P. Koshy = 67
• 3.1 Introduction = 67
• 3.2 The wealth of forest tree species = 68
• 3.2.1 Cladogenesis = 69
• 3.2.2 Selection = 71
• 3.2.3 Migration = 72
• 3.2.4 Chromosomal change = 73
• 3.2.5 Hybridization = 74
• 3.3 The wealth of populations = 75
• 3.4 The wealth of intrapopulation genetic variation = 78
• 3.5 Conclusions = 80
• 4 Structural Dynamics of Forest Stands and Natural Processes / George F. Peterken = 83
• 4.1 What counts as disturbance? = 83
• 4.2 Sources of disturbance = 84
• 4.2.1 Wind = 84
• 4.2.2 Fire = 85
• 4.2.3 Drought = 86
• 4.2.4 Biotic = 86
• 4.2.5 Water = 87
• 4.2.6 Ice = 87
• 4.2.7 Topography and landform = 87
• 4.3 Disturbance regimes = 88
• 4.4 Tree and shrub responses = 89
• 4.5 Forest structure and patterns = 91
• 4.6 Dead wood = 93
• 4.7 Dynamic pattern of forest composition = 94
• 4.7.1 Highly disturbed environments = 94
• 4.7.2 Relatively undisturbed environments = 95
• 4.7.3 Interactions and intermediate conditions = 96
• 4.7.4 Influence of people = 97
• 4.8 Stability succession and climax = 98
• 4.9 People as agents of disturbance = 99
• 4.9.1 Seminatural disturbances = 99
• 4.9.2 Silvicultural systems = 99
• 4.9.3 Traditional cultures as part of nature = 101
• 5 Biological Interactions and Disturbance : Plants and Animals / Jaboury Ghazoul ; Eunice A. Simmons = 105
• 5.1 Introduction = 105
• 5.2 Diversity and distribution of forest vertebrate resources = 106
• 5.2.1 Habitat structure and some generalities of vertebrate responses to resource variability = 106
• 5.2.2 Issues of scale = 107
• 5.3 Vertebrate richness and diversity in primary and disturbed forests = 108
• 5.3.1 Birds = 110
• 5.3.2 Mammals = 111
• 5.3.3 Amphibians = 111
• 5.3.4 Reptiles = 112
• 5.4 Vertebrate-mediated ecological processes and impacts of disturbance = 112
• 5.4.1 Pollination = 113
• 5.4.2 Seed predation = 114
• 5.4.3 Seed dispersal = 115
• 5.4.4 Herbivory = 117
• 5.5 Vertebrate invaders as mediators of change = 118
• 5.6 Economic value, hunting and tourism = 118
• 5.7 Conclusions = 120
• 6 Biological Interactions and Disturbance : Invertebrates / Hugh F. Evans = 128
• 6.1 Description of processes or characteristics = 128
• 6.1.1 Ecological attributes that determine the diversity and abundance of invertebrate species in forest ecosystems = 128
• 6.1.2 Geographical isolation as a critical factor in determining invertebrate diversity and implications for international movement of pest organisms = 132
• 6.2 Principles and dynamics that govern events and occurrence = 133
• 6.2.1 Interactions with the food plant : phytophagous invertebrates(herbivores) = 134
• 6.2.2 Interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies = 136
• 6.3 Interactions with other processes, with scale and with forest type = 141
• 6.4 Factors influencing processes and opportunities for manipulation = 143
• 6.4.1 Forest fragmentation at local and landscape scales = 145
• 6.4.2 Forest disturbance as a factor in invertebrate dynamics = 146
• 6.5 Understanding the forest as a basis for management = 147
• Part 3 : Environmental Interactions
• 7 Forest Soils / Peter M. Attiwill ; Christopher J. Weston = 157
• 7.1 Introduction = 157
• 7.1.1 Scope of this chapter = 157
• 7.2 Nutrient cycling in forests = 158
• 7.2.1 Soil chemistry and nutrient cycling = 158
• 7.2.2 Routs and the rhizosphere = 162
• 7.3 Litter and soil organic matter = 164
• 7.3.1 Litter and litter decomposition = 164
• 7.3.2 Carbon in forest soils = 166
• 7.4 Forest soils and acidic inputs = 170
• 7.4.1 Forest decline = 170
• 7.4.2 Nitrogen saturation = 172
• 7.5 Timber harvesting and sustainability = 173
• 7.5.1 Timber harvesting, nutrient removal and sustained productivity = 173
• 7.5.2 Timber harvesting, soil compaction and sustainability = 179
• 8 Ecophysiology of Forests / Richard H. Waring ; Anthony R. Ludlow = 188
• 8.1 Introduction = 188
• 8.2 Responses of forests to variation in climate = 188
• 8.2.1 Determination of temperature optimum and limits = 189
• 8.2.2 Physiological definition of soil drought = 189
• 8.2.3 Sapwood as a water reservoir in trees = 190
• 8.2.4 Transpiration by forests = 191
• 8.3 Responses of forests to variation in nutrient availability = 192
• 8.3.1 Optimum nutrition = 192
• 8.3.2 Internal recycling of nutrients = 193
• 8.4 Carbon balance analyses = 193
• 8.4.1 Canopy photosynthesis = 194
• 8.4.2 Autotrophic respiration = 195
• 8.4.3 Net primary production = 196
• 8.4.4 Allocation of carbon resources = 197
• 8.5 Susceptibility of forests to herbivores and pathogens = 199
• 8.5.1 Biochemical and structural defences = 199
• 8.5.2 Biochemical and allocation ratios = 200
• 8.6 Ecophysiological models of forest growth = 202
• 8.7 Summary = 204
• 9 Models for Pure and Mixed Forests / Hans Pretzsch = 210
• 9.1 Introduction = 210
• 9.2 Patterns and dynamics of growth : empirical observations = 210
• 9.2.1 Periodicity and pattern in individual tree growth = 210
• 9.2.2 Dynamics of stand growth = 211
• 9.2.3 Interventions and manipulations = 212
• 9.3 Growth models = 212
• 9.3.1 Stand growth models based on mean stand variables = 214
• 9.3.2 Stand-orientated management models predicting stem number frequency = 215
• 9.3.3 Single-tree orientated management models = 217
• 9.3.4 Ecophysiological growth models = 219
• 9.3.5 Gap models and biome shift models = 221
• 9.3.6 Hybrid models for forest management = 222
• 9.3.7 Management model SILVA 2.2 for pure and mixed stands = 222
• 10 Forests and the Atmosphere / Paul G. Jarvis ; David G. Fowler = 229
• 10.1 Introduction = 229
• 10.1.1 Spatial and temporal scales = 229
• 10.1.2 Historical development = 231
• 10.1.3 The stand system = 232
• 10.2 Stand energy balance = 232
• 10.3 Radiation exchange = 234
• 10.3.1 Solar radiation albedo = 234
• 10.3.2 Long-wave radiation exchange = 235
• 10.3.3 Net all-wave radiation balance = 235
• 10.4 Momentum exchange = 236
• 10.5 Exchange of scalars = 236
• 10.5.1 Aerodynamic conductance／resistance = 238
• 10.5.2 Surface conductance／resistance = 239
• 10.6 Evaporation and transpiration = 239
• 10.6.1 Driving variables and constraints = 239
• 10.6.2 Evaporation of intercepted water = 240
• 10.6.3 Evaporation of transpired water = 241
• 10.6.4 Some conclusions = 244
• 10.7 Carbon dioxide exchange = 244
• 10.7.1 The policy imperative = 244
• 10.7.2 Forests as a carbon pump = 245
• 10.7.3 Dynamics of carbon dioxide exchange = 246
• 10.7.4 Net transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to forests = 248
• 10.7.5 Carbon balance components = 251
• 10.7.6 Future carbon sequestration potential = 252
• 10.8 Trace gases aerosols and cloud droplets = 255
• 10.8.1 Acid gases : HCl, HNO₃, HF = 255
• 10.8.2 Ammonia = 257
• 10.8.3 Sulphur dioxide = 261
• 10.8.4 Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide = 262
• 10.8.5 Ozone = 264
• 10.8.6 Aerosols anal cloud droplets = 266
• 10.8.7 Diurnal and seasonal cycles = 268
• 10.9 Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition = 269
• 10.9.1 Nitrogen-stimulated carbon sequestration = 271
• 10.10 Forests and regional climates = 272
• 10.11 Conclusions = 273
• 11 Environmental. Stresses to Forests / Peter H. Freer-Smith = 282
• 11.1 Introduction = 282
• 11.2 Climate = 283
• 11.3 Pollution = 287
• 11.3.1 Direct effects = 288
• 11.3.2 Indirect effects and soil acidification = 288
• 11.3.3 Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide = 293
• 11.3.4 Nitrogen depositions = 294
• 11.4 Water deficit = 295
• 11.5 Soil conditions, nutrient deficiency／enrichment and soil degradation = 296
• 11.6 Conclusions = 298
• 12 Forest Hydrology / L.A.(Sampurno) Bruijnzeel = 301
• 12.1 Introduction = 301
• 12.2 Forest hydrological cycle = 302
• 12.3 Forests and 'occult' precipitation = 304
• 12.4 Throughfall stemflow and interception loss = 306
• 12.4.1 Amounts and measurement of rainfall interception = 306
• 12.4.2 Litter interception = 309
• 12.4.3 Interception modelling = 309
• 12.5 Transpiration = 314
• 12.5.1 Amounts and measurement of transpiration = 314
• 12.5.2 Transpiration modelling = 318
• 12.6 Total evapotranspiration = 319
• 12.7 Hydrological effects of forest manipulation = 321
• 12.7.1 Effects of forest thinning on rainfall interception = 321
• 12.7.2 Effects of thinning and selective logging on transpiration and water yield = 322
• 12.7.3 Effect of forest clearfelling on water yield = 324
• 12.7.4 Effects of converting natural forest to other land cover types on water yield = 328
• 12.7.5 Effects of forest clearing on streamflow regimes = 329
• 12.7.6 Hydrological effects of (re)forestation = 330
• 12.7.7 Modelling the hydrological impacts of forest manipulation and land-use change = 332
• 12.8 Outlook = 333
• Part 4 : Social and Human Interface
• 13 Trees in the Urban Environment / Kjell Nilsson ; Thomas B. Randrup ; Barbara M. Wandall = 347
• 13.1 Introduction = 347
• 13.2 Definitions = 347
• 13.3 Urban growing conditions = 348
• 13.3.1 Stress factors = 349
• 13.3.2 Characteristics and restriction of rooting in the built environment = 350
• 13.4 Urban characteristics／environment analysed = 350
• 13.5 Amenity values／benefits of urban forests and trees = 351
• 13.5.1 Economic impact = 351
• 13.5.2 Recreational use of green areas = 351
• 13.5.3 Psychological aspects = 352
• 13.5.4 Environmental education = 352
• 13.5.5 Community involvement = 353
• 13.6 Environmental aspects = 353
• 13.6.1 Local-scale climate = 353
• 13.6.2 Air quality = 354
• 13.6.3 Biodiversity = 354
• 13.6.4 Sustainable urban forests = 355
• 13.7 Threats to green areas = 355
• 13.7.1 Urbanization pressure = 355
• 13.7.2 Social factors = 356
• 13.7.3 Economic cuts = 356
• 13.8 Planning and management of urban green areas = 356
• 13.8.1 Green infrastructure planning = 357
• 13.8.2 Conflicts in management = 358
• 13.9 Conclusions = 358
• 14 The Importance of Social Values / Stephen Bass = 362
• 14.1 Sustainable forest management involves political and social processes = 362
• 14.2 Forests provide multiple social values = 363
• 14.3 The challenge of achieving security of forest values = 366
• 14.4 People's means to achieve security of forest values = 367
• 14.4.1 Traditional knowledge = 367
• 14.4.2 Rights = 368
• 14.5 Reasons for nurturing social values in commercial forest management = 369
• 14.6 Codes of practice and certification standards on social issues = 369
• 14.7 Conclusions = 370
• 15 Non-timber Forest Products and Rural Poverty : an Economic Analysis / William Cavendish = 372
• 15.1 Why non-timber forest products and rural poverty? = 372
• 15.2 Economic characteristics of rural households = 374
• 15.3 Value of NTFPs to rural households and the causes of NTFP use = 376
• 15.3.1 Evidence on rural households' use of NTFPs = 376
• 15.3.2 Economic underpinnings of rural households' extensive use of NTFPs = 381
• 15.4 Can rural development be based around NTFPs? = 383
• 15.4.1 The problem of preferences = 383
• 15.4.2 High transactions costs of trading = 385
• 15.4.3 Storage problems = 386
• 15.4.4 Production risk = 386
• 15.4.5 Open access and the costs of privatization = 386
• 15.4.6 Incentives for domestication and technical substitution = 387
• 15.5 Conclusions = 388
• Synthesis and conclusions = 392
• Index = 394
• [Volume. 2]----------
• CONTENTS
• List of contributors = xii
• Preface to Volume 1 = xiv
• Preface to Volume 2 = xvi
• Acknowledgements = xvii
• 1 The History and Impact of Forest Management / Simon Rietbergen = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.1.1 Environmentalist pseudo-histories = 1
• 1.1.2 Forestry profession pseudo-history = 2
• 1.1.3 Definition of forest management = 2
• 1.1.4 Forest management typology = 3
• 1.2 Studying forest management history = 3
• 1.2.1 Evidence for woodland management in prehistoric Britain = 3
• 1.2.2 Recent advances in forest history = 4
• 1.2.3 Problems in finding and interpreting the evidence = 4
• 1.3 The history of forest cover = 5
• 1.3.1 Early human influence on forest cover : fire and hunting = 6
• 1.3.2 Before farming : producing food by keeping forests in check? = 9
• 1.4 From forest use to forest management = 9
• 1.4.1 Forest and tree use in prehistory = 9
• 1.4.2 Why manage forests? Why not? = 10
• 1.4.3 When does use become management? = 11
• 1.5 Forest management by non-professionals = 12
• 1.5.1 Introduction = 12
• 1.5.2 Neolithic forest management in Central Europe = 12
• 1.5.3 Sacred groves in classical Eurasia = 13
• 1.5.4 Beyond mere subsistence : the value of forests in early medieval Britain and late medieval Normandy = 13
• 1.5.5 Intensive forest management by farmers in late nineteenth century China = 14
• 1.5.6 Beating the foresters at their own game : Shorea javanica forests planted by farmers in Sumatra = 14
• 1.6 Forest management by professionals = 15
• 1.6.1 Repressive roots : protecting the king's forests against the people in medieval England = 16
• 1.6.2 The deep roots of modern silviculture = 16
• 1.6.3 Oberwolfach : from Femelwald to chessboard forestry and back = 17
• 1.6.4 Operation successful, patient died : the Malayan Uniform System = 17
• 1.6.5 Seeing the broadleaved trees for the conifer forest : participatory forest restoration in Nepal = 18
• 1.7 The impact of forest management on forests = 18
• 1.7.1 Biodiversity loss through discontinuing forest management practices = 19
• 1.8 Conclusions : leaving the margins of history = 20
• 1.8.1 The forestry profession : getting better with age? = 21
• 1.8.2 Devising forest policies that work = 21
• 1.8.3 Forestry development aid : learning to overcome Euro-professionalism = 22
• 1.8.4 Let a thousand forests flourish = 22
• Part 1 : Sustaining Forest Influences
• 2 Forest Reserves, Parks and Wilderness : An Australian Perspective / Roger Good = 27
• 2.1 Introduction = 27
• 2.2 Worldwide status of parks and reserves = 27
• 2.2.1 A global perspective = 27
• 2.2.2 Australian national parks and conservation reserves = 28
• 2.3 A short history of forestry in Australia = 31
• 2.4 Comprehensive regional forest assessments = 37
• 2.4.1 Regional forest assessments and agreements = 37
• 2.4.2 Outcomes of the Tasmanian Forest Assessment Process = 38
• 2.5 Wilderness and forest management = 39
• 2.6 Wilderness assessment and identification = 40
• 2.6.1 Wilderness assessment in the comprehensive forest : assessment process = 41
• 2.6.2 Assessment criteria = 43
• 2.7 A new approach to wilderness assessment = 44
• 2.7.1 The Brogo Wilderness Assessment Programme = 45
• 2.8 Summary = 49
• 3 Forests as Protection from Natural Hazards / Peter Brang ; Walter Sch$$\ddot o$$nenberger ; Ernst Ott ; Barry Gardner = 53
• 3.1 What is a protection forest? = 53
• 3.1.1 Chapter overview = 53
• 3.1.2 An early example = 53
• 3.1.3 A definition of 'protection forest' = 53
• 3.1.4 Natural hazards that protection forests protect against = 53
• 3.1.5 An important distinction : direct and indirect protection = 55
• 3.1.6 Replacement of protection forests by artificial constructions = 56
• 3.2 Occurrence and history of protection forests = 56
• 3.2.1 Occurrence of protection forests = 56
• 3.2.2 History of protection forests = 57
• 3.3 Ecological characteristics of mountain forests = 58
• 3.3.1 Environment of subalpine protection forests = 58
• 3.3.2 Environment of montane protection forests = 59
• 3.3.3 Tree species in protection forests = 60
• 3.4 Stand dynamics, stand structure and stability properties in protection forests in the Alps = 60
• 3.4.1 Why small-scale disturbances prevail in protection forests in the Alps = 60
• 3.4.2 Duration of successional cycles = 61
• 3.4.3 Characteristics favouring and impeding resistance of the tree layer to disturbance = 61
• 3.4.4 Factors favouring and impeding recovery from disturbance = 61
• 3.4.5 What is the ideal stand structure of a protection forest? = 62
• 3.4.6 How natural should the structure of a protection forest be? = 63
• 3.4.7 What is 'stability' in a protection forest? = 63
• 3.5 Suggested approach and principles for the management of protection forests = 64
• 3.5.1 Goal and restrictions for the management of protection forests = 65
• 3.5.2 Management approach : mimic natural ecosystem dynamics = 65
• 3.5.3 Three management principles = 67
• 3.6 Suggested procedure to manage protection forests = 67
• 3.6.1 Overview = 67
• 3.6.2 First step : collect general information on the management area = 67
• 3.6.3 Second step : design interventions = 69
• 3.6.4 Third step : carry out interventions = 71
• 3.6.5 Fourth step : monitor forest development = 71
• 3.7 Examples of successful management of protection forests = 71
• 3.7.1 Minimal tending in Switzerland = 71
• 3.7.2 A structural typology in the northern French Alps = 72
• 3.8 Shelterbelts = 72
• 3.8.1 Introduction = 72
• 3.8.2 Shelter of crops = 74
• 3.8.3 Shelter of livestock = 74
• 3.8.4 Shelter of buildings and roads = 75
• 3.8.5 Shelterbelt design = 75
• 3.9 Future management of protection forests = 75
• 3.10 Conclusions = 76
• 4 Interventions to enhance the conservation of biodiversity / Timothy J.B. Boyle = 82
• 4.1 Background = 82
• 4.1.1 What is forest biodiversity? = 83
• 4.1.2 Biodiversity and sustainable management = 84
• 4.1.3 Processes that maintain biodiversity = 85
• 4.2 Assessing and predicting the status of biodiversity = 85
• 4.2.1 Problems with assessment = 85
• 4.2.2 Practical approaches to assessment and monitoring = 87
• 4.2.3 The use of criteria and indicators = 88
• 4.2.4 Prediction at non-sampled points = 89
• 4.3 Human impacts on biodiversity and a framework for decision-making = 91
• 4.3.1 Impacts of human activities on biodiversity = 91
• 4.3.2 Impacts of global climate change = 95
• 4.3.3 A system to assist in decisions to enhance conservation of biodiversity = 96
• Part 2 : Sustainable Wood Production
• 5 Assessing Potential Sustainable Wood Yield / Robert F. Powers = 105
• 5.1 Introduction = 105
• 5.1.1 Aims of this chapter = 105
• 5.1.2 The sustainability problem = 105
• 5.1.3 Sustainability of what and for whom? = 105
• 5.1.4 Whose problem is it? = 106
• 5.1.5 Searching for solutions = 106
• 5.2 Sustainable wood yield = 108
• 5.2.1 Definitions = 108
• 5.2.2 Key concepts = 111
• 5.3 Protecting the resource = 116
• 5.3.1 A balancing act = 116
• 5.3.2 Soil physical changes = 117
• 5.4 Determining sustainable yield = 117
• 5.4.1 Assessing site potential = 117
• 5.4.2 Scheduling the harvest = 123
• 5.5 Synthesis and summary = 124
• 6 Silvicultural Treatments to Enhance Productivity / H. Lee Allen = 129
• 6.1 Introduction = 129
• 6.2 Ecophysiological basis for forest production = 130
• 6.2.1 Production-leaf area relationships = 130
• 6.2.2 Limiting resources = 130
• 6.3 Silvicultural treatments = 132
• 6.3.1 Water control = 132
• 6.3.2 Tillage = 132
• 6.3.3 Fire = 133
• 6.3.4 Non-crop vegetation control = 133
• 6.3.5 Thinning = 134
• 6.3.6 Nutrient additions = 135
• 6.4 Interactions among treatments = 136
• 6.5 Future opportunities = 136
• 7 Sustainable Management of Soil and Site / Lawrence A. Morris = 140
• 7.1 Introduction = 140
• 7.2 Requirements for sustainable soil management = 140
• 7.3 Soil characteristics affecting root growth water and nutrient supply = 142
• 7.3.1 Soil as an environment for root growth = 142
• 7.3.2 Nutrient supply = 144
• 7.4 Tree growth as evidence for sustainability = 148
• 7.5 Management impacts on the rooting environment = 150
• 7.5.1 Compaction and rutting = 150
• 7.5.2 The role of tillage = 151
• 7.6 Erosion = 152
• 7.7 Balancing inputs and outputs of nutrients = 154
• 7.7.1 Nutrient balance in undisturbed and managed forests = 154
• 7.7.2 Nutrient additions = 157
• 7.8 Contamination = 159
• 7.8.1 Soil acidification = 160
• 7.8.2 Pesticides = 160
• 7.8.3 Metals and salts = 161
• 7.9 Soil biology = 162
• 7.10 Conclusions = 164
• 8 Management of Pest Threats / Hugh F. Evans = 172
• 8.1 The aim of intervening in managed forests = 172
• 8.1.1 Outbreaks of invertebrate pests : setting thresholds = 172
• 8.1.2 Great Britain as an example of a region where pest infestation has resulted in active intervention = 173
• 8.1.3 Pest risk assessment and the problems of exotic pests = 175
• 8.2 Establishing the principles of pest management : integrated pest management = 178
• 8.2.1 The biology and ecology of the pest as a basis for integrated pest management = 178
• 8.2.2 Host selection = 178
• 8.2.3 Tree suitability and initial rates of invertebrate colonization and growth = 179
• 8.3 Why are some insects pests? = 181
• 8.3.1 Risk factors in relation to pest population size = 182
• 8.3.2 Spruce budworms in North America : a detailed example to illustrate the principles of pest dynamics and their links to forest structure and management = 182
• 8.3.3 Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, as an example of a non-indigenous pest that is still expanding its range = 189
• 8.3.4 Dendroctonus micans in Britain as an example of successful integrated forest management of an introduced forest pest = 190
• 8.3.5 Risk rating and management processes = 193
• 8.4 Future developments in forest pest management = 194
• 8.4.1 Genetically modified trees = 194
• 8.4.2 Improvements in monitoring and use of conventional pest management techniques = 195
• 9 Management of the Disease Burden / John N. Gibbs = 202
• 9.1 Introduction = 202
• 9.2 The characteristics of tree diseases = 202
• 9.2.1 Causes of disease = 202
• 9.2.2 The nature of disease = 202
• 9.2.3 Disease caused by indigenous pathogens = 203
• 9.2.4 Disease caused by introduced pathogens = 203
• 9.2.5 Diseases caused by pathogens that have undergone genetic change = 204
• 9.3 The exclusion and eradication of tree diseases = 204
• 9.3.1 Exclusion = 204
• 9.3.2 Eradication of an exotic pathogen = 206
• 9.4 Management of established diseases = 206
• 9.4.1 Diagnosis = 206
• 9.4.2 Determination of disease distribution and severity = 207
• 9.4.3 Disease prognosis = 209
• 9.4.4 Deciding on a course of action or inaction = 210
• 9.4.5 Cultural control = 211
• 9.4.6 Control through the use of disease resistance = 212
• 9.4.7 Chemical control = 213
• 9.4.8 Biological control = 214
• 9.5 Conclusions = 214
• Part 3 : Sustaining Social Values and Benefits
• 10 Working with Forest Stakeholders / Stephen Bass = 221
• 10.1 Assessing social values and planning with stakeholder groups = 221
• 10.1.1 The importance of participation in assessing and realizing social values = 221
• 10.1.2 The forest stakeholder = 222
• 10.1.3 Identifying the main stakeholders, their interests and their relations = 224
• 10.2 Partnerships in forest management : creating realizing and sustaining social values = 228
• 10.2.1 Collaborative forest management(government approaches to social values) = 228
• 10.2.2 Corporate／community partnerships(private sector approaches to social values) = 229
• 10.2.3 Preliminary guidance on partnerships that optimize social values = 230
• 10.2.4 Remaining challenges for partnerships = 231
• 11 The New Forest Policy and Joint Forest Management in India / Naresh C. Saxena = 233
• 11.1 Introduction = 233
• 11.2 Forest policy before 1988 = 234
• 11.2.1 Social forestry = 236
• 11.3 The 1988 forest policy = 237
• 11.3.1 Political factors behind change = 237
• 11.4 The June 1990 guidelines and joint forest management = 238
• 11.4.1 Progress of JFM in the states = 240
• 11.4.2 Impact of the new forest policy and JFM on deforestation = 241
• 11.5 Internal factors in community mobilization = 242
• 11.6 Constraints of government policy and action = 244
• 11.6.1 Rights of non-protecting people = 245
• 11.6.2 Intervillage disputes = 245
• 11.6.3 VFCs and panchayats = 246
• 11.6.4 Marketing of NTFPs = 247
• 11.6.5 Insensitivity to gender issues = 248
• 11.6.6 Balance of power between forest departments and communities = 249
• 11.6.7 JFM and the poorest = 249
• 11.7 Changes in silviculture = 250
• 11.7.1 Regeneration versus planting on degraded lands = 253
• 11.8 Summing up = 255
• 12 Trees in the Urban Environment : Some Practical Considerations / Kjell Nilsson ; Thomas B. Randrup ; Barbara L.M. Wandall = 260
• 12.1 Introduction = 260
• 12.2 Design aspects = 260
• 12.3 Species selection for urban areas = 261
• 12.4 Establishment techniques for urban trees = 262
• 12.4.1 Planting holes = 263
• 12.4.2 Securing adequate tree-water supply = 263
• 12.4.3 Staking = 264
• 12.4.4 Protection during construction = 264
• 12.5 Care and maintenance of urban trees and forest stands = 264
• 12.5.1 Pruning = 265
• 12.5.2 Wound treatment = 265
• 12.5.3 Hazardous trees including detection of fungi = 266
• 12.5.4 Management of urban forest stands = 266
• 12.6 Tree inventories = 267
• 12.7 Conclusions = 268
• 12.7.1 Research and professional coordination = 268
• 12.7.2 Overview studies = 268
• 12.7.3 Proceedings = 268
• Part 4 : Case Studies of Sustainable Management
• 13 The Structure, Functioning and Management of Old-growth Cedar-Hemlock-Fir Forests on Vancouver Island, British Columbia / Gordon Weetman ; Cindy Prescott = 275
• 13.1 Introduction = 275
• 13.2 Characteristics of forests of Vancouver Island = 277
• 13.3 The hypothesis : explanations why hemlock／fir and cedar／hemlock sites differ = 278
• 13.3.1 The 'disturbance hypothesis' = 278
• 13.3.2 The 'salal hypothesis' = 278
• 13.3.3 The 'western red cedar hypothesis' = 279
• 13.3.4 The 'site-difference hypothesis' = 279
• 13.4 Stand structure = 279
• 13.5 Nutrient cycling = 280
• 13.6 Management implications = 282
• 13.6.1 Site preparation = 282
• 13.6.2 Regeneration = 282
• 13.6.3 Fertilization = 284
• 13.6.4 Vegetation control = 285
• 13.6.5 Recommendations for regenerating cedar-hemlock sites = 285
• 14 The Beech Forests of Haute-Normandie, France / David Rose = 288
• 14.1 Historical aspects of the forests of Haute-Normandie = 288
• 14.2 Current silvicultural practice = 291
• 14.3 For$$\hat e$$t de Brotonne = 293
• 14.4 For$$\hat e$$t de Lyons = 294
• 14.5 For$$\hat e$$t de Bord and For$$\hat e$$t de Louviers = 294
• 14.6 For$$\hat e$$t d'Eawy = 295
• 14.7 For$$\hat e$$t d'Eu = 296
• 14.8 Conclusions = 296
• 15 Restructuring of Plantation Forest : Kielder United Kingdom / Graham Gill ; Bob McIntosh = 298
• 15.1 Introduction = 298
• 15.2 Geography early history and land use = 298
• 15.2.1 Location = 298
• 15.2.2 Geology and soils = 298
• 15.2.3 Exposure and windthrow risk = 299
• 15.2.4 Early history = 299
• 15.2.5 Land use and tree productivity = 301
• 15.3 Management objectives = 301
• 15.4 Forest design planning = 301
• 15.4.1 Design plan areas = 302
• 15.4.2 Basic survey and appraisal = 302
• 15.4.3 Design plan concept = 302
• 15.4.4 Felling plans = 302
• 15.4.5 Restocking plans = 303
• 15.5 Tree species choice = 303
• 15.5.1 Productivity and marketability = 303
• 15.5.2 Visual impact = 303
• 15.5.3 Silvicultural considerations = 304
• 15.5.4 Wildlife conservation potential = 304
• 15.5.5 Prescription for the choice of tree species = 305
• 15.6 Forest operations = 307
• 15.6.1 Harvesting of timber = 307
• 15.6.2 Replanting(restocking) = 307
• 15.6.3 Wildlife conservation = 307
• 15.6.4 Recreation = 308
• 15.7 Sustainability of yields = 308
• 15.8 Conclusions = 309
• 16 Sustainable Management of the Mountain Ash(Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) Forests in the Central Highlands, Victoria, Australia / Peter M. Attiwill ; Jane M. Fewings = 310
• 16.1 Introduction = 310
• 16.2 The social and political environment for sustainability in Australia = 312
• 16.2.1 Ownership of public forests in Australia = 312
• 16.2.2 Interactions between the states and the Commonwealth = 312
• 16.2.3 The development of Australian forest policy = 313
• 16.2.4 The structures for sustainable forest management = 321
• 16.2.5 National Forest Policy Statement = 322
• 16.2.6 The Regional Forest Agreement Process = 323
• 16.2.7 The international dimension of forest policy in Australia = 325
• 16.3 Forest management for sustainability in the Central Highlands = 327
• 16.3.1 The Central Highlands Regional Forest Agreement = 327
• 16.3.2 Forest areas = 328
• 16.3.3 Meeting the targets for a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system = 329
• 16.4 The ecology and silviculture of mountain ash = 331
• 16.4.1 A summary of the ecology of mountain ash = 331
• 16.4.2 Silvicultural systems in mountain ash = 332
• 16.4.3 Managing diversity and ecological processes = 334
• 16.5 Concluding comment = 336
• 17 Sustainable Management of Malaysian Rain Forest / Simmathiri Appanah = 341
• 17.1 Introduction = 341
• 17.2 Geography, geology and climate = 341
• 17.3 Description of forests = 342
• 17.4 Developments in exploitation and utilization = 342
• 17.5 Silvicultural developments = 345
• 17.5.1 Improvement fellings = 345
• 17.5.2 Malayan Uniform System = 346
• 17.5.3 Modified Malayan Uniform System = 347
• 17.5.4 Selective Management System = 348
• 17.6 Sustainable management = 351
• 17.6.1 Forest reserves = 351
• 17.6.2 National Forestry Acts and State Forest Enactments = 351
• 17.6.3 Forest dwellers = 351
• 17.6.4 Minor forest produce = 351
• 17.6.5 Shelterwood systems = 351
• 17.6.6 Selective fellings = 352
• 17.6.7 Enrichment plantings = 352
• 17.7 New developments in sustainable forest management = 353
• 17.7.1 Reduced impact logging = 353
• 17.7.2 Malaysian criteria and indicators = 353
• 17.7.3 Model forests = 353
• 17.7.4 New research initiatives = 354
• 17.7.5 Plantations = 354
• 17.8 Conclusions = 354
• 18 Sustainable Plantation Forestry : A Case Study of Wood Production and Environmental Management Strategies in the Usutu Forest, Swaziland / Julian Evans ; Peta Masson = 357
• 18.1 Introduction = 357
• 18.1.1 The Usutu Forest = 357
• 18.1.2 The Usutu pulp mill = 358
• 18.2 Sustainability of wood production = 358
• 18.2.1 Assessment methods = 358
• 18.2.2 Productivity in successive rotations = 359
• 18.2.3 Discussion of sustainability = 361
• 18.2.4 Conclusions concerning biological productivity = 362
• 18.3 Environmental management = 362
• 18.3.1 Introduction = 362
• 18.3.2 Background = 362
• 18.3.3 Key components of environmental management programme = 363
• 18.3.4 Environmental impacts = 363
• 18.4 Certification of sustainability = 367
• 18.4.1 Planning = 368
• 18.4.2 Sustainable management at the operational level = 369
• 18.5 Conclusions = 369
• Synthesis and Conclusions / Julian Evans = 373
• Index = 375