인도 스와데시 운동의 성격에 관한 연구 = A Study of the Swadeshi Movement in India

국문 초록 (Abstract)

스와데시 운동은 그 성격상 영국상품을 배척하는 보이코트 운동과 밀접하게 연결될 수 밖에 없었다. 스와데시가 긍정적 의미를 가지고 있다면, 보이코트는 부정적이었다. 그러나 두 운동은 상호보완적이었으며 외국 상품에 대한 배척없이는 自國商品의 애용운동은 효과적일 수 없었다. 스와데시 운동의 본격적인 시작은 오직 행정적 능률만을 강조한 커어즌(Lord Curzon)총독의 벵골州 분할조치에 대한 항거의 표현으로 나타났다. 國民會議를 중심으로 한 인도 국민지도자들은 벵골州 분할이 결국 동질적인 벵골 주민을 힌두와 모슬렘으로 분리 대립시킴으로써 민족주의 세력의 약화를 도모하려는 분리통치의 제국주의적 책략이라고 비난하였다. 각계각층이 카스트와 교의에 구별없이 자발적으로 일어나 고동으로 저항하였다. 스와데시.보이코트 운동이 주요 목표로 삼았던 것이 품질 좋은 만체스터 수입 면직물이었지만 벵골 지방의 上位카스트에 속한 교육받은 중간계급이라고 할 수 있는 바드라록 계급이 이 애국운동에 적극적으로 다수 참여한 점이 주목할 만하다. 스와데시 운동은 인도민족주의운동 내지 독립운동에서 새로운 전환점을 마련하였다. 국민 대중의 마음속에 민족의식의 씨앗을 심어준 사건이 스와데시 운동이었다. 스와데시 운동을 계기로 조용한 국민회의 활동이 하나의 거대한 민족주의운동으로 변모하였다. 국민회의가 교육받는 중간계급을 공동의 광장으로 이끌어 냈다면, 일반대중을 공동의 광장에서 규합했던 것은 스와데시 운동이었다. 따라서 스와데시 운동은 간디의 汎國民的인 대규모 사티야그라하 운동의 豫行演習과 같은 것이었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper traces the British imperialistic policy in Bengal, India, and the growth of the Swadeshi Movement from 1903 to 1908. The Swadeshi literally meaned "of one's own country", or "manufactured in one's own country" was to be certain to associate with the Boycott Movement which aimed at to abstain from the purchase of British manufactures. Swadeshi was positive in character while Boycott was negative. But the two terms were complementary. Swadeshi would have remained an impotent and aesthetic idea without boycott of foreign goods.
The Swadeshi Movement was begun as an expression against the partition of Bengal planed by the Viceroy, Lord Curzon who was an ardent admirer of the doctrine of efficiency. The government regarded the size of the province to be too unwiedly to be properly administered by a single person, the lieutenant governor of Bengal.
Many of the leaders of Indian people looked upon the partition as an imperialistic scheme on the part of the Viceroy government to isolate the Muslims from Bengal and to keep the homogeneous Bengali speaking commuity under two divided administration. The Indian National Congress and other nationalist bodies interpreted unfavorably the partition as tactics related to the weakening of national unity.
When the partition scheme came to be known to the public of Bengal, the Congress leaders and inhabitants of the province rised to make resistance against the 'divide and rule' policy of the government. All sections of the Indian community have been moved by a common impulse without distinction of caste or creed and acted together in offering resistance to a common wrong. Even though it was against the superior cotton goods of Manchester that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements were mainly directed, what is worth special attention was the fact that the Bhadralok class was active participants in the anti-partition movement.
The Swadeshi movement constituted a landmark in the history of Indian nationalist movement. It was the Swadeshi movement that planted the seeds of national self-consciousness in the minds of the great masses. The Swaseshi movement brought about a change in the nerveless attitude of the Congress towards the government and opend the way to the vigorous nationalist movement. While the Congress brought the educated middle classes on the same platform, it was the Swadeshism that rallied the classes and the masses together on the open forum. So the Swadeshi movement may be said as a rehearsal of the future massive Satyagraha Movement which Mahatma Gandhi will take the lead in the independence movement.