現代資本主義經濟의 不均衡構造 = The Structure of Disequilibrium of Modern Capitalistic Economy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Purpose of this paper is to inquire into the structure of disequilibrium of modern capitalistic economy.
As mentioned above, the economic theory or economics as a social science has been developed and systematized for more than two hundreds years with the change of capitalistic society.
Economic practices appeared in real life long before any theory about them existed. The major economic ideas and thoughts in ancient days and the middle ages are embodied in religious teaching, codes of law, or moral exhortation. They were not parts of a system thought out as a whole and deliberately installed, but an aggregation of particular ways of meeting practical needs, invented by nobody knows whom. They were tried, modified, combined, retained, or abandoned according to change and circumstance, that is economic ideas and thoughts varied with varing customs and stages of economic development.
Thus, the major economic ideas and doctrines from the mercantile system to the
present has been developed as follow :
1. Discovery of economy : That is to say, economy was realized as independent and autonomous phenomena in the social phenomena. Economy was separated from study of other aspects of man's behavior, such as his political, social, esthetic, religious, or ethical life. In a sense, economy was free from the religious restraints of the middle ages.
2. Discovery of economic order.
3. Discovery of economic fluctuation.
4. Discovery of economic development.
It is said that economics as a social science has started from Adam Smith. The
Wealth of Nations set out to explain how the wealth of a nation is increased and how it is distributed_the basic themes of modern economics. The only source of wealth, he maintained, as we do today, is production resulting from labor and resources. The real founder of the classical school of economics, whose writings on the subject have probably had a wider influence over a longer period than those of any other was Adam Smith.
After marginal revolution, economists laid the foundations for a more symmetric,
general equilibrium analysis that could synthesize, both utility and disutility elements.
Particularly, in the deep mathematical analysis of Leon Walras, the analysis of general equilibrium was achieved.
All economists are aware of the virtually innumerable interrelationships among the prices, wages, demand curves, supplies, incomes, investment flow, and the other variables they study. It is a characteristic of our subject. The basic concept embracing these interrelationships is the general equilibrium theory constructed by the Leon Walras, a French_born professor of Switzerland's Academy of Lausanne, who wrote in the late 19th century. Walras' system was mathematical, embraced literally millions of equations, and showed how all the variables in the economy could he simultaneously determined. Highly abstract, the system assumed perfect competition, unchanging tastes and a constant technology : it also called for data, both in abundance and kind, that could never possibly be collected, much less proceeded, as Walras Knew. Of course
general equilibrium theory was both a great intellectual achievement and a germinal contribution of central importance. It have been derived two handmarks of modern economics : (1) the general, over_all view of the allocation of resources which underlies all economic thinking, and (2) a practical method for measuring economic interrelationships, called the input_output system.
Thus Neoclassical_Keynsian synthesis has became mainstream economics. Maintream economics that prevails in the western world. As P.A.Samuelson should say, the fruits of mainstream economics have been the better working of the mixed economy, and the era since Warld WarⅡ has wittnessed a world growth in output and living standards unmatched in recorded history. Even if his gleorify past achievements of capitalism and the era since World WarⅡ, there are many problems confronted with capitalistic society and the dark sides of economic growth in same period. In other words, the problems disclosed in many fields assumed an acute phase, in those problems, a matter of prime importance is widening and deepening of the structure of disequilibrium. The structure
of disequilibrium can divide into two parts : First is the disequilibrium in market, second is social disequilibrium. And then, social disequilibrium means imbalance between private capital and social capital, in other words, insufficency of social capital compare to private capital.
Consequently, capitalistic society is confronted with a multitude of economic and social problems relating to various phases such as the spatial imbalance of resoures allocation, inequality of economic development of interregional and interindustries, serious social problems caused by considerable insufficient of social over_read capital, over population and over concentration in a special area, public pollutions, frictions among industries, conflict between labor and capital, a change for the worse of quality of life in the course of their development and social development.
These circumstances and these sort of things would only aggravated the
socio_economics situations. Moreover, those situations threaten to become the gradual worsening of economic activities in every field and socio_economic relations.
All of these problems result from the disequilibrium of modern capitalism caused by inefficiency and failure of market mechanism.
I have attempted a theoritical study with the relation between economic theory and economic reality, in other words, capitalistic economy, and to present the serious characteristics of those problems, and to suggest a solution for the rational allocation of resources which might maximize the social welfare and economic efficiency, at the same time which might throw light on the possible solution in terms of optimum allocation of resources for the reduction of ineffiency and friction between economic development and social development.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序 言
• Ⅱ. 經濟와 經濟學
• Ⅲ. 近代經濟學의 成立
• Ⅳ. 均衡理論
• Ⅴ. 不均衡理論
• Ⅵ. 現代資本主義經濟의 不均衡構造
• 1. 市場的 不均衡
• 2. 社會的 不均衡
• Ⅶ. 結 語