Soils, their properties and management

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Figures = ⅷ
• List of Tables = ⅹ
• List of Plates = xii
• Contributors = xiv
• Preface and Acknowledgments = xvi
• Chapter 1 The Nature of Soil / B. W. Murphy = 1
• 1.1 Soil Formation = 3
• 1.1.1 Soil-forming Factors = 3
• 1.1.2 Episodes of Landscape and Soil Development = 9
• 1.1.3 Soil-forming Processes = 10
• Bibliography = 12
• Chapter 2 Forms of Erosion / C. J. Rosewell ; R. J. Crouch ; R. J. Morse ; J. F. Leys ; R. W. Hicks ; R. J. Stanley = 13
• 2.1 Water Erosion = 16
• 2.1.1 General Water Erosion Processes = 16
• 2.1.2 Major Types of Water Erosion = 17
• 2.2 Wind Erosion = 26
• 2.2.1 Processes of Wind Erosion = 26
• 2.2.2 Micro-topographical Forms of Wind Erosion = 28
• 2.2.3 Aeolian Landforms = 29
• 2.2.4 Movement of Nutrients and Chemicals on Sediments Moved by Wind Erosion = 29
• 2.3 Mass Movement = 30
• 2.3.1 Causes of Mass Movement = 31
• 2.3.2 Classification of Forms of Mass Movement = 31
• 2.3.3 Soil Factors = 32
• 2.4 Coastal Erosion = 33
• 2.4.1 Coastal Processes = 33
• 2.4.2 Coastal Dunes and Erosion = 34
• Bibliography = 36
• Chapter 3 Soil Formation and Erosion Rates / K. Edwards ; C. Zierholz = 39
• 3.1 Soil Formation Rates = 40
• 3.1.1 Soil-Forming Materials = 40
• 3.1.2 Soil Development and Weathering Rates = 41
• 3.2 Soil Loss Rates = 44
• 3.2.1 Erosion and Soil Loss = 44
• 3.2.2 Plot Studies = 46
• 3.2.3 Use of Radioactive Isotopes = 49
• 3.2.4 Occasional Observations = 50
• 3.2.5 Catchment Studies = 51
• 3.2.6 Sediment Surveys of Reservoirs = 53
• 3.2.7 Erosion Rates Following Bushfires = 53
• 3.2.8 Rates of Wind Erosion = 53
• 3.3 Conclusions = 55
• Bibliography = 55
• Chapter 4 Other Forms of Soil Degradation / P. E. V. Charman = 59
• 4.1 Soil Salinisation = 61
• 4.1.1 Irrigation Salinity = 61
• 4.1.2 Dryland Salinity = 61
• 4.1.3 Urban Salinity = 62
• 4.2 Soil Fertility Decline = 63
• 4.2.1 Chemical Fertility Decline = 63
• 4.2.2 Soil Acidification = 64
• 4.3 Soil Structural Degradation = 65
• 4.3.1 Soil Structure and Cultivation = 65
• 4.3.2 Soil Structure and Irrigation = 65
• 4.4 Acid Sulfate Soils = 67
• 4.5 Soil Contamination = 68
• Bibliography = 69
• Chapter 5 The Soil Profile / B. W Murphy ; C. L. Murphy = 70
• 5.1 Soil Profile Morphology = 71
• 5.2 Soil Description in the Field = 73
• 5.2.1 Choice of Site = 73
• 5.2.2 Site Description = 73
• 5.2.3 Preparation of the Soil Profile for Examination = 74
• 5.2.4 Describing the Profile = 74
• 5.2.5 Soil Properties Described in the Examination of a Profile = 75
• 5.2.6 Field Soil Tests = 80
• 5.2.7 Interpretation of Soil Morphological Data = 81
• Bibliography = 82
• Chapter 6 Systems of Soil Classification / B. W Murphy ; C. L. Murphy = 83
• 6.1 Soil Classification Systems in Australia = 84
• 6.2 The Australian Soil Classification System(ASCS) = 86
• 6.2.1 Origins and Foundation = 86
• 6.2.2 Operation of the System = 86
• 6.2.3 Key to Soil Orders = 87
• 6.3 Great Soil Groups = 90
• 6.3.1 Origins and Foundations = 90
• 6.3.2 Operation of the System = 90
• 6.4 The Factual Key = 90
• 6.4.1 Origins and Foundation = 90
• 6.4.2 Operation of the Factual Key = 91
• 6.4.3 Types of Soil Defined by the Factual Key = 95
• 6.5 Soil Taxonomy = 96
• 6.5.1 Origins and Foundations = 96
• 6.5.2 Operation of the System = 96
• 6.5.3 Soil Units of Soil Taxonomy = 97
• 6.6 FAO／UNESCO Soil Classification System = 98
• 6.7 Numerical Classification = 98
• 6.7.1 Origins and Foundations = 98
• 6.7.2 Operation of the System = 99
• 6.8 Soil Classification for Sustainable Soil Management = 101
• 6.8.1 General Considerations = 101
• 6.8.2 Soil Classification System for Western New South Wales = 103
• Bibliography = 105
• Chapter 7 Soil Survey and Mapping / G. A. Chapman ; G. Atkinson = 106
• 7.1 General Principles = 107
• 7.1.1 Literature Review = 107
• 7.1.2 The Purpose of Soil Survey = 108
• 7.1.3 Soil Entities and Soil Classification = 110
• 7.1.4 Soil Mapping Procedures = 112
• 7.2 General Purpose Soil Mapping = 118
• 7.2.1 Land Systems Mapping = 118
• 7.2.2 Soil Landscape Mapping = 119
• 7.2.3 Derivative Map Products = 124
• 7.2.4 Numerical Methods in Soil Landscape Mapping = 125
• 7.3 Special Purpose Soil Mapping = 125
• 7.3.1 Soil Survey Interpretation for Rural Capability = 125
• 7.3.2 Soil Survey Interpretation for Urban Capability = 126
• Bibliography = 129
• Chapter 8 Soils of New South Wales / B. W. Murphy ; D. J. Eldridge ; G. A. Chapman ; D. J. McKane = 133
• 8.1 Soils of the Eastern Zone = 134
• 8.1.1 Major Soils = 134
• 8.2 Soils of the Western Zone = 140
• 8.2.1 Major Soils = 140
• 8.3 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soils = 142
• 8.4 Fertility of New South Wales Soils = 143
• 8.5 Special Soil Groups = 146
• 8.5.1 Sodic and Dispersible Soils = 146
• 8.5.2 Hardsetting Surface Soils or fragile, Light-textured Surface Soils = 146
• 8.5.3 Self-mulching Soils = 147
• 8.5.4 Acid Surface Soils = 147
• 8.5.5 Acid Sulfate Soils = 147
• 8.5.6 Aggregated or Subplastic Clays = 147
• 8.5.7 Expansive Soils = 147
• 8.5.8 Saline Soils = 147
• 8.6 Major Soils and Land Use = 148
• Bibliography = 148
• Chapter 9 Soil Landscapes of New South Wales / B. W. Murphy ; D. J. Eldridge ; D. J. McKane ; J. M. Gray = 150
• 9.1 Soil Landscape Groups of the Eastern Zone = 151
• 9.1.1 Soil Landscape Distribution = 151
• 9.1.2 Agricultural Productivity of Soil Landscapes = 157
• 9.1.3 Soil Landscapes and Soil Conservation = 159
• 9.2 Soil Landscape Groups of the Western Zone = 159
• 9.2.1 Soil Landscape Distribution = 160
• 9.2.2 Soil Management = 163
• Bibliography = 165
• Chapter 10 Soil Physical Properties / G. W. Geeves ; B. Craze ; G. J. Hamilton = 166
• 10.1 Soil Texture = 168
• 10.1.1 Particle Size Analysis Methods = 168
• 10.1.2 Expressing Particle Size Data = 170
• 10.1.3 Field Approximation of Soil Texture／Field Texture Grades = 170
• 10.1.4 Inferring Soil Properties from Soil Texture = 171
• 10.2 Clay Mineralogy = 173
• 10.3 Soil Structure = 174
• 10.3.1 Soil Structural Form = 174
• 10.3.2 Soil Structural Stability = 176
• 10.3.3 Application of the Emerson Aggregate Test and its Derivatives = 179
• 10.3.4 Soil Structural Resilience = 180
• 10.3.5 Cultural Practices Affecting Soil Structure = 180
• 10.4 Soil Water Retention and Pore Space = 180
• 10.4.1 Available-Water Storage Capacity(AWSC) = 181
• 10.5 Soil Permeability = 183
• 10.5.1 Hydraulic Conductivity = 183
• 10.6 Soil Water Movement = 185
• 10.6.1 Infiltration and Runoff under Rainfall = 185
• 10.7 Soil Strength, Friability and Penetration Resistance = 187
• 10.7.1 Penetration Resistance = 187
• 10.7.2 Soil Strength and Modulus of Rupture = 187
• 10.7.3 Friability = 187
• 10.8 Appropriate Methods, Sampling and Interpretation = 188
• Bibliography = 188
• Chapter 11 Soil Engineering Properties / R. W. Hicks = 190
• 11.1 Soil Composition Particle Size Distribution = 191
• 11.2 Soil Plasticity = 192
• 11.3 Unified Soil Classification System(USCS) = 194
• 11.3.1 Classifying a Soil Material-Laboratory Method = 194
• 11.3.2 Classifying a Soil Material-Field Method = 196
• 11.3.3 Soil Components and Their Properties = 197
• 11.3.4 Allocating a Soil in the USCS = 198
• 11.4 Soil Shrink-Swell Properties = 200
• 11.4.1 Expansive Soils in New South Wales = 200
• 11.4.2 Shrinkage and Swelling Processes = 201
• 11.4.3 Identifying Expansive Soils = 201
• 11.5 Other Soil Properties and Their Effect on Soil Engineering Properties = 203
• 11.5.1 Acid Sulfate Soils = 203
• 11.5.2 Saline Soils = 203
• 11.5.3 Soil Erodibility = 203
• Bibliography = 203
• Chapter 12 Soil Erodibility / G. W. Geeves ; J. F. Leys = 205
• 12.1 Soil Erodibility to Water = 206
• 12.1.1 Effects of Soil Erodibility on Water Erosion Hazard = 206
• 12.1.2 Inter-rill Erosion under Rainfall = 206
• 12.1.3 Rill and Gully Erosion = 207
• 12.1.4 Tunnel Erosion = 207
• 12.1.5 Inherent Soil Properties Affecting Erodibility = 207
• 12.1.6 Assessing Erodibility Using Field Observations = 209
• 12.1.7 Erodibility Parameters in Soil Erosion Models = 209
• 12.1.8 Using Soil Erodibility Assessments and Measurements = 212
• 12.2 Soil Erodibility to Wind = 213
• 12.2.1 Erodibility-the Concept = 213
• 12.2.2 Erodibility-the Practice = 214
• 12.2.3 Measures of Erodibility = 215
• 12.2.4 Erodibility Scale = 217
• Bibliography = 218
• Chapter 13 Soil Chemical Properties = 221
• 13.1 Cation Exchange Capacity / P. E. V. Charman = 222
• 13.2 Soil Acidification / G. Fenton ; K. R. Helyar = 223
• 13.2.1 The Process of Acidification = 224
• 13.2.2 Causes and Control of Agriculturally Induced Soil Acidity = 226
• 13.2.3 Soil Acidity and Plant Growth = 229
• 13.2.4 Practical Options for Managing Acid Soils = 233
• 13.2.5 Using Lime = 234
• 13.3 Soil Salinisation / P. E. V. Charman ; A. C. Wooldridge = 237
• 13.3.1 Causes of Soil Salinity = 237
• 13.3.2 Effects of Soil Salinity = 240
• 13.3.3 Recognition of Soil Salinity = 242
• 13.3.4 Management of Saline Soils = 243
• 13.4 Soil Nutrient Decline / P. E. V. Charman = 245
• 13.4.1 Chemical Fertility Decline = 246
• 13.4.2 Nutrient Requirements for Plant Growth = 247
• 13.5 Acid Sulfate Soils / M. D. Melville ; I. White = 249
• 13.5.1 What Are Acid Sulfate Soils? = 249
• 13.5.2 Origin of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils = 250
• 13.5.3 The Formation of Actual Acid Sulfate Soils = 250
• 13.5.4 The Role of Land Drainage = 251
• 13.5.5 Management of Acid Sulfate Soils = 251
• 13.6 Toxicities in Soils / P. J. Mulvey ; G. L. Elliott = 252
• 13.6.1 Metal Toxicities = 254
• 13.6.2 Organic Materials = 255
• 13.6.3 Salt Toxicity = 256
• 13.6.4 Land Use and Soil Pollution = 256
• 13.6.5 Critical Toxic Limits = 257
• Bibliography = 257
• Chapter 14 Soil Organic Matter / P. E. V. Charman ; M. M. Roper = 260
• 14.1 Composition of Soil Organic Matter = 261
• 14.2 The Role of Soil Organic Matter = 262
• 14.2.1 Greenhouse Gas Control = 262
• 14.3 The Effect of Organic Matter on Crop Production = 264
• 14.4 Soil Improvement = 265
• 14.4.1 Increasing Soil Organic Matter = 265
• 14.4.2 Crop Residue Breakdown = 266
• 14.4.3 Crop Rotations = 267
• 14.5 Agricultural Practices and Soil Organic Matter = 268
• 14.6 Soil Organic Matter and Soil Conservation = 269
• Bibliography = 269
• Chapter 15 Soils, Vegetation and Land Use / R. O. Sonter ; W. S. Semple ; J. W. Lawrie = 271
• 15.1 Soils and Vegetation = 272
• 15.1.1 Soil Types and Vegetation Types = 272
• 15.1.2 Relationship Between Soils and Vegetation = 272
• 15.1.3 Conclusion = 277
• 15.2 Rural Land Capability = 278
• 15.2.1 Rural Land Capability Assessment 279
• 15.2.2 Land Capability Classes = 281
• 15.2.3 Soils and Rural Land Capability = 281
• 15.3 The Effects of Soils on Land Use = 284
• Bibliography = 286
• Chapter 16 Soils and Sustainable Farming Systems / J. W. Lawrie ; B. W. Murphy ; I. J. Packer ; A. J. Harte = 287
• 16.1 Development of Sustainable Farming Systems = 288
• 16.1.1 Historical Review = 288
• 16.1.2 The Current Situation = 289
• 16.1.3 The Areas Involved = 290
• 16.1.4 Dryland Cropping Systems in New South Wales = 290
• 16.2 Conservation Farming-Field Practice = 292
• 16.2.1 Practical Issues in Applying Conservation Tillage = 292
• 16.2.2 Conservation Farming in the Whole Farm Operation = 296
• 16.2.3 Future Trends in Farming Practice = 296
• 16.3 The Effects of Dryland Cropping on Soil Degradation = 297
• 16.3.1 Changes in Soil Organic Matter = 298
• 16.3.2 Soil Physical Properties = 299
• 16.3.3 Runoff and Soil Loss = 300
• 16.3.4 Soil Compaction = 303
• 16.3.5 Changing Soil Structure = 303
• 16.3.6 Consequences of Soil Structure Degradation = 304
• 16.4 Management of Soil Structure = 305
• 16.4.1 Depth Zones for Soil Structure Management = 305
• 16.4.2 Specific Functions of Soil Structure = 306
• 16.4.3 Cropping Systems and Soil Structure = 307
• 16.4.4 Soil Types in Relation to Soil Structure Management = 307
• 16.5 Conclusion = 312
• Bibliography = 312
• Chapter 17 Soils and Rangeland Management / D. J. Eldridge = 318
• 17.1 Introduction to Rangeland Soils = 319
• 17.2 Soil-Vegetation Relations = 321
• 17.2.1 Patchiness and Resource Redistribution = 321
• 17.2.2 Vegetation Distribution in Relation to Soils = 321
• 17.3 Soil Biota in Rangelands = 322
• 17.4 Measuring the Productive Potential of Soils = 323
• 17.5 Erosion Processes in Rangelands = 323
• 17.5.1 Water and Wind Erosion = 324
• 17.5.2 Vegetation : the Key to Erosion Prevention = 324
• 17.6 Reclaiming Rangeland Soils = 325
• 17.6.1 Reclamation by Reducing Total Grazing Pressure = 325
• 17.6.2 Reclamation by Mechanical Methods = 325
• 17.7 Management of Rangeland Soils = 326
• 17.7.1 Grazing and Fire = 326
• 17.7.2 Management Strategies to Prevent Degradation = 326
• Bibliography = 327
• Chapter 18 Soils and Coastal Dune Management / P. A. Conacher ; R. J. Stanley = 328
• 18.1 Coastal Dune Soils = 329
• 18.1.1 Soil Characteristics = 329
• 18.1.2 Soil Types = 330
• 18.2 Coastal Dune Vegetation = 332
• 18.3 Coastal Land Use = 332
• 18.3.1 Urban and Residential Development = 332
• 18.3.2 Recreational Use = 333
• 18.3.3 Heavy Mineral Mining and Sand Extraction = 333
• 18.3.4 Grazing = 333
• 18.3.5 Effluent Disposal = 333
• 18.4 Techniques of Dune Rehabilitation = 334
• 18.4.1 The Process of Dune Stabilisation = 334
• 18.4.2 Stabilising the Dunal Barrier = 334
• 18.4.3 Long-term Management and Maintenance = 334
• Bibliography = 335
• Chapter 19 Soils and Revegetation / W. H. Johnston = 336
• 19.1 Plants and Soil in Perspective = 337
• 19.2 Plants and the Hydrologic Cycle = 337
• 19.3 Agricultural Development and Land Degradation = 339
• 19.4 Planning a Revegetation Program = 339
• 19.4.1 Aims and Objectives = 339
• 19.4.2 Revegetation Species = 340
• 19.4.3 Site Investigations = 340
• 19.4.4 Seed Mixtures = 342
• 19.4.5 Sowing Time = 342
• 19.4.6 Fertilisers = 342
• 19.4.7 Site Preparation = 343
• 19.4.8 Soil Factors Affecting Revegetation = 344
• 19.5 Sward Improvement and Management = 346
• 19.5.1 Strategic Grazing = 346
• 19.5.2 Oversowing = 347
• 19.6 Sustainable Grazing Management = 348
• Bibliography = 349
• Chapter 20 Soils and Their Use for Earthworks / R. J. Crouch ; K. C. Reynolds ; R. W. Hicks ; D. A. Greentree = 350
• 20.1 Design of Earthworks = 351
• 20.1.1 Runoff = 352
• 20.1.2 Channel Erodibility = 352
• 20.1.3 Soil Permeability = 354
• 20.1.4 Bank Stability = 354
• 20.1.5 Bank Spacing = 356
• 20.2 Construction of Earthworks = 357
• 20.2.1 Soil Sampling for Earthworks = 357
• 20.2.2 Field Testing = 358
• 20.2.3 Laboratory Testing = 358
• 20.2.4 Recommendations from Soil Test Data = 360
• 20.2.5 Practical Considerations = 365
• 20.2.6 Soil Compaction = 365
• 20.2.7 Soil Amelioration = 369
• 20.3 Sealing Leaking Structures = 370
• 20.3.1 Finding the Leak = 370
• 20.3.2 Should the Leaking Structure Be Repaired? = 370
• 20.3.3 Sealing Structures Without Drainage = 371
• 20.3.4 Sealing Methods Requiring Drainage = 371
• 20.4 Soil Drainage = 373
• 20.4.1 Soil Drainage and Soil Type = 373
• 20.4.2 Problems Associated with Poor Soil Drainage = 374
• 20.4.3 Factors Contributing to Poor Soil Drainage = 375
• 20.4.4 Treatment of Drainage Problems = 375
• Bibliography = 376
• Chapter 21 Soils and Urban Land Use / R. W. Hicks ; C. Hird = 378
• 21.1 Soils and Construction Practice = 379
• 21.1.1 Mass Movement = 379
• 21.1.2 Expansive Soils = 379
• 21.1.3 Soil Erodibility = 379
• 21.1.4 Soil Drainage and Depth = 380
• 21.1.5 Soil Salinity = 381
• 21.1.6 Other Problem Soils = 381
• 21.2 Treatment Measures = 382
• 21.2.1 Mass Movement = 382
• 21.2.2 Expansive Soils = 383
• 21.2.3 Soil Erodibility = 383
• 21.2.4 Soil Drainage = 383
• 21.2.5 Soil Salinity = 384
• 21.3 Urban Planning = 384
• 21.3.1 Change from Rural to Urban Use = 384
• 21.3.2 Urban Capability Classification = 384
• 21.4 Waste Application to Soils = 386
• 21.4.1 Potential Impacts on Soils = 386
• 21.4.2 Properties of Waste Products = 387
• 21.4.3 Conditions Where Wastes Should Not Be Applied = 388
• 21.4.4 Acceptable Application Rates = 388
• 21.4.5 Salinity and Sodicity of Waste Products = 388
• 21.4.6 Soil and Land Management = 389
• Bibliography = 389
• Chapter 22 Soils and Extractive Industries / G. L. Elliott ; K. C. Reynolds = 390
• 22.1 Importance of Natural Topsoil = 391
• 22.2 Alternative Topdressing Materials = 392
• 22.2.1 Soil Attributes for Topdressing = 392
• 22.2.2 Handling Topdressing Material = 395
• Bibliography = 396
• Chapter 23 Soils and Sustainable Development - a Concluding Perspective / P. E. V. Charman = 398
• 23.1 Soil Degradation and Productivity = 400
• 23.2 Soils and Catchment Health = 402
• 23.3 Conclusion = 403
• Bibliography = 404
• Appendix 1 Broad Correlation between Australian Soil Classifications and the US Soil Taxonomy = 405
• Appendix 2 Identification of Soil Groups = 408
• Appendix 3 Glossary of Soil Science Terms = 413
• Index = 441